AI Flashcards
1
Q
What is the anatomical position?
A
Body standing erect or upright with head and eyes directed forward, upper limbs relaxed at sides, palms anteriorly directed, and feet shoulder-width apart with toes forward.
2
Q
What is the standard reference position of the body used to describe the location of structures?
A
Anatomical position
3
Q
What are anatomical landmarks?
A
Important reference points on the body used for identification and description of structure locations.
4
Q
What is the term for the anatomical term ‘nasus’ and its adjective form?
A
Nasal
5
Q
How many sections does the first method divide the abdominopelvic surface into?
A
Four sections
6
Q
What is the second method of describing areas of the abdominal and pelvic regions?
A
Using nine abdominopelvic regions
7
Q
What do all anatomical directions use as the standard point of reference?
A
Anatomical position
8
Q
True or False: The terms ‘left’ and ‘right’ refer to the observer’s left and right sides.
A
False
9
Q
What divides the body or an organ into front and back sections?
A
Coronal (frontal) plane
10
Q
What type of movements occur in the coronal plane?
A
Abduction and adduction
11
Q
What divides the body into upper and lower sections?
A
Transverse (Horizontal or Axial) plane
12
Q
What type of movements occur in the transverse plane?
A
Rotational and pronation movements
13
Q
What divides the body into left and right sections?
A
Sagittal plane
14
Q
What is the midsagittal plane?
A
Divides the body into equal left and right halves
15
Q
What type of movements occur in the sagittal plane?
A
Flexion and extension
16
Q
What is the transverse plane also known as?
A
Axial plane
17
Q
What is the relationship of the transverse plane to the sagittal plane?
A
90° to the sagittal plane
18
Q
What are the two types of motion described in the content?
A
- Linear motion
- Angular motion
19
Q
What type of motion is defined as rotation around an axis?
A
Rotation
20
Q
What type of motion involves moving in a circular path?
A
Circumduction
21
Q
What are the two types of articulation in the vertebral column?
A
- Cartilaginous articulation
- Synovial articulation
Cartilaginous articulation occurs between vertebral bodies and discs, while synovial articulation occurs between zygapophyseal/facet joints.
22
Q
What are the types of joints in the vertebral column?
A
- Intervertebral joints
- Zygapophyseal facet joints
Intervertebral joints are formed by adjacent vertebral bodies and the intervening intervertebral disc, while zygapophyseal facet joints are between the superior and inferior articular processes of adjacent vertebral bodies.
23
Q
What extends between C2 and S1 vertebral levels?
A
Intervertebral symphysis
There are no intervertebral discs at C0-C1 or C1-C2 vertebral levels.
24
Q
What are vertebral end-plates?
A
They overlie the discal surfaces of the vertebral bodies
These end-plates are important for the structural integrity of the vertebral column.
25
What type of articulations are zygapophyseal joints?
Diarthrodial (synovial) articulations
## Footnote
These joints are enclosed in a capsule that is highly innervated with nociceptors.
26
What is the orientation of facet joints in the cervical region?
Oriented in a 45-degree oblique plane
## Footnote
This orientation is between the coronal and transverse planes.
27
What is the main orientation of lumbar facet joints?
Mainly in the sagittal plane, oriented at approximately 90 degrees
## Footnote
This orientation allows for significant flexion and extension movements.
28
What are uncovertebral joints also known as?
Clefts of Luschka
## Footnote
These joints are small, synovial-like joints that lack a synovial membrane.
29
What are the functions of uncovertebral joints?
* Guides cervical motion
* Prevents excessive lateral translation
* Reduces intervertebral disc herniation risk
* Protects vertebral arteries
## Footnote
These functions contribute to cervical spine stability.
30
Name the six main ligaments of the vertebral column.
* Anterior longitudinal ligament
* Posterior longitudinal ligament
* Ligamentum flavum
* Interspinous ligaments
* Supraspinous ligaments
* Intertransverse ligaments
## Footnote
These ligaments vary depending on the spinal region.
31
What is the role of the Anterior Longitudinal Ligament (ALL)?
* Primary spine stabilizer
* Prevents hyperextension of the spine
## Footnote
The ALL runs along the anterior surface of the vertebral bodies from the skull to the sacrum.
32
What does the Posterior Longitudinal Ligament (PLL) prevent?
Prevents hyperflexion and posterior disc herniation
## Footnote
The PLL runs along the posterior surface of the vertebral bodies inside the vertebral canal.
33
Where is the Interspinous Ligament located?
Between adjacent spinous processes
## Footnote
This ligament resists excessive flexion.
34
What does the Supraspinous Ligament provide support against?
Provides additional support against hyperflexion
## Footnote
This ligament attaches the tips of spinous processes from C7 to the sacrum.
35
What is the strongest ligament in the vertebral column?
Ligamentum Flavum
## Footnote
This ligament connects the laminae of adjacent vertebrae and protects the spinal cord and nerves.
36
What do Intertransverse Ligaments resist?
Resists lateral bending
## Footnote
These ligaments are located between adjacent transverse processes.
37
What are the essential movements of the spine?
* Flexion
* Extension
* Lateral flexion
* Rotation
## Footnote
The cervical and lumbar regions allow the greatest freedom of movement.
38
What limitations affect spinal movements?
* Size and compressibility of intervertebral discs
* Tightness of joint capsules
* Orientation of articular facets
* Muscle and ligament function
* Articulations with the thoracic cage
## Footnote
These factors collectively influence how the spine moves.
39
40
What are the two divisions of the cervical spine?
Upper cervical and Lower cervical
41
Which cervical vertebrae are considered atypical?
1st (Atlas), 2nd (Axis), and 7th (C7)
42
Which cervical vertebrae are considered typical?
3rd, 4th, 5th, and 6th
43
What shape does the vertebral foramen of cervical vertebrae have?
Large and triangular
44
What is the function of the atlas (C1) vertebra?
Cradle occiput and transmit forces to lower cervical spine
45
What does the anterior arch of the atlas contain?
Anterior tubercle and a facet for articulation with the dens of C2
46
What are the lateral masses of the atlas (C1) vertebra?
Thickest parts supporting the superior and inferior articular facets
47
What is the dens of the axis (C2) vertebra?
Anterior portion that extends superiorly from the body
48
What is unique about the spinous process of the C7?
It is large, elongated, and not bifid
49
What is the primary function of the atlanto-odontoid articulation?
Permit flexion and extension, and side-to-side movements
50
What are the primary movements allowed by the atlanto-axial joint?
Rotation, limited flexion, extension, and lateral flexion
51
What is the role of the uncinate processes in typical cervical vertebrae?
Support the concave shape of the upper surface of the vertebra
52
What is the shape of the intervertebral discs in the cervical region?
Thicker anteriorly and taper laterally
53
At what age do fissures in the posterior disc develop?
Approximately 9 years of age
54
What are the cervical zygapophyseal joints?
True synovial joints containing fibroadipose meniscoids
55
What is the primary movement of the atlanto-occipital articulation?
Flexion-extension
56
What ligaments are specific to the craniovertebral region?
Anterior atlantoaxial membrane, posterior atlantoaxial membrane, alar ligaments, transverse ligament of atlas, cruciate ligament of the atlas, tectorial membrane, apical ligament
57
What does the alar ligament limit?
Excessive rotation of the head
58
What is the function of the transverse atlantal ligament?
Holds the odontoid process of the axis in place
59
What is the ligamentum nuchae?
A strong, fibrous ligament in the cervical region for head and neck stability
60
Fill in the blank: The body of cervical vertebrae is ________ horizontally than antero-posteriorly.
longer
61
True or False: The spinous processes of typical cervical vertebrae are long and stout.
False
62
What is the size trend of cervical vertebrae from C2 to C7?
Size increases slightly
63
What feature divides the cervical transverse process into anterior and posterior portions?
Groove for spinal nerves
64
What are the four groups of axial muscles?
1. Muscles of the head and neck that do not move the vertebral column
2. Muscles that move the vertebral column
3. Muscles of the rib cage and lateral walls of the abdominal and pelvic cavities
4. Muscles that form the floor of the pelvic cavity
65
What is the primary function of the erector spinae group?
It is the primary extensor of the vertebral column and controls flexion, lateral flexion, and rotation of the vertebral column.
66
Name the three groups that comprise the erector spinae.
1. Iliocostalis group
2. Longissimus group
3. Spinalis group
67
What muscles are included in the iliocostalis group?
1. Iliocostalis cervicis
2. Iliocostalis thoracis
3. Iliocostalis lumborum
68
What muscles are included in the longissimus group?
1. Longissimus capitis
2. Longissimus cervicis
3. Longissimus thoracis
69
What muscles are included in the spinalis group?
1. Spinalis capitis
2. Spinalis cervicis
3. Spinalis thoracis
70
What is the function of the transversospinales muscles?
They run from the transverse processes to the spinous processes of the vertebrae.
71
What are the semispinalis muscles?
1. Semispinalis capitis
2. Semispinalis cervicis
3. Semispinalis thoracis
72
What is the role of the multifidus muscle?
It helps extend and laterally flex the vertebral column.
73
What is the function of the segmental muscle group?
They stabilize the vertebral column by connecting spinous and transverse processes of consecutive vertebrae.
74
Name the muscles included in the segmental muscle group.
1. Interspinales
2. Intertransversarii
75
Which muscles are part of the superficial layer of the posterior neck?
1. Splenius capitis
2. Splenius cervicis
76
What are the muscles in the intermediate layer of the posterior neck?
1. Spinalis colli
2. Longissimus capitis
3. Longissimus cervicis
4. Iliocostalis cervicis
77
What muscles are included in the deep layer of the posterior neck?
1. Semispinalis cervicis
2. Rectus capitis posterior major
3. Rectus capitis posterior minor
4. Obliquus capitis superior
5. Obliquus capitis inferior
78
What is the origin of the splenius capitis?
Spinous process and nuchal ligament of C3-T3
79
What is the insertion point of the splenius capitis?
Mastoid process and occipital bone of skull (lateral 1/3 of superior nuchal line)
80
What action does the splenius capitis perform?
Bilateral contraction extends the neck; unilateral contraction rotates and laterally flexes the neck to that side.
81
What is the origin of the splenius cervicis?
Spinous process T3-T6
82
What is the insertion point of the splenius cervicis?
Transverse process of axis and C1–C3
83
What action does the splenius cervicis perform?
Bilateral contraction extends the neck; unilateral contraction rotates and laterally flexes the neck to the same side.
84
What is the origin of the iliocostalis cervicis?
Angles of 3rd-6th ribs
85
What is the insertion point of the iliocostalis cervicis?
Transverse processes of C4–C6
86
What action does the iliocostalis cervicis perform?
Bilateral contraction extends the neck; unilateral contraction rotates and laterally flexes the neck to the same side.
87
What is the origin of the longissimus capitis?
Nuchal ligament and transverse processes of C3–T3
88
What is the insertion point of the longissimus capitis?
Mastoid process
89
What action does the longissimus capitis perform?
Bilateral contraction extends the head; unilateral contraction rotates and laterally flexes the head to the same side.
90
What is the origin of the longissimus cervicis?
Transverse process T1-T6
91
What is the insertion point of the longissimus cervicis?
Posterior tubercles of transverse processes C2-C6
92
What action does the longissimus cervicis perform?
Bilateral contraction extends the neck; unilateral contraction laterally flexes the neck to the same side.
93
What is the origin of the spinalis cervicis?
Nuchal ligament and spinous process of C7-T2
94
What is the insertion point of the spinalis cervicis?
Spinous processes C2–C4
95
What action does the spinalis cervicis perform?
Bilateral contraction extends the neck; unilateral contraction laterally flexes the neck to the same side.
96
What is the origin of the semispinalis cervicis?
Transverse processes of T1–T5 or T6
97
What is the insertion point of the semispinalis cervicis?
Spinous processes of C2–C5
98
What action does the semispinalis cervicis perform?
Bilateral contraction extends the neck; unilateral contraction laterally flexes the neck to the same side.
99
What is the origin of the rectus capitis posterior major?
Spinous process of axis (C2)
100
What is the insertion point of the rectus capitis posterior major?
Inferior nuchal line of occipital bone
101
What actions does the rectus capitis posterior major perform?
Bilateral contraction extends the head; unilateral contraction rotates the head to the same side.
102
What is the origin of the rectus capitis posterior minor?
Posterior arch of atlas (C1)
103
What is the insertion point of the rectus capitis posterior minor?
Inferior nuchal line of occipital bone and adjacent area.
104
What action does the rectus capitis posterior minor perform?
Extends the head.
105
What is the origin of the obliquus capitis superior?
Transverse process of atlas (C1)
106
What is the insertion point of the obliquus capitis superior?
Posterior aspect of occipital bone.
107
What action does the obliquus capitis superior perform?
Laterally flexes and extends the head.
108
What is the origin of the obliquus capitis inferior?
Spinous process of axis (C2)
109
What is the insertion point of the obliquus capitis inferior?
Transverse process of atlas (C1)
110
What action does the obliquus capitis inferior perform?
Rotates the head.
111
Which muscles are part of the scalene muscle group?
1. Anterior scalene muscle
2. Middle scalene muscle
3. Posterior scalene muscle
112
What actions do the scalene muscles perform?
They work together to flex, laterally flex, and rotate the head.
113
Name the anterior muscles in the cervical region.
1. Longus capitis
2. Longus colli
3. Rectus capitis anterior
4. Rectus capitis lateralis
114
What is the origin of the longus capitis?
Transverse processes of C3–C6
115
What is the insertion point of the longus capitis?
Basilar portion of the occipital bone
116
What action does the longus capitis perform?
Together, the two sides flex the neck; alone, each rotates the head to that side.
117
What is the origin of the longus colli?
Anterior surfaces of C3-T3
118
What is the insertion point of the longus colli?
Anterior aspects of C1-C6
119
What action does the longus colli perform?
Flexes and/or rotates the neck.
120
What is the origin of the rectus capitis anterior?
Anterior surface of the lateral mass of the atlas (C1)
121
What is the insertion point of the rectus capitis anterior?
Basilar part of the occipital bone, anterior to the foramen magnum
122
What actions does the rectus capitis anterior perform?
Flexion of the head at the atlanto-occipital joint; assists in stabilizing the head and cervical spine.
123
What is the origin of the rectus capitis lateralis?
Superior surface of the transverse process of the atlas (C1)
124
What is the insertion point of the rectus capitis lateralis?
Jugular process of the occipital bone
125
What actions does the rectus capitis lateralis perform?
Lateral flexion of the head; stabilization of the atlanto-occipital joint.
126
127
What is the primary function of the vertebral column?
Support, protection, movements
## Footnote
It helps in movements of the head and upper limbs, supports the vertebral column, and transfers weight to the lower limbs.
128
How many total vertebrae are in the vertebral column?
33 vertebrae
## Footnote
This includes cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, and coccygeal vertebrae.
129
What are the segments of the vertebral column?
* Cervical: 7 vertebrae
* Thoracic: 12 vertebrae
* Lumbar: 5 vertebrae
* Sacral: 5 fused vertebrae
* Coccygeal: 4 vertebrae (variable)
## Footnote
Co1 often is not fused, but Co2-Co4 are fused.
130
What are primary curvatures of the vertebral column?
* Thoracic
* Sacral
## Footnote
These curvatures are present in the fetus.
131
What are secondary curvatures of the vertebral column?
* Cervical
* Lumbar
## Footnote
These curvatures develop after birth.
132
True or False: Both primary and secondary curvatures are convex from the anterior view.
False
## Footnote
Primary curvatures are convex, while secondary curvatures are concave from the anterior view.
133
What is the function of intervertebral foramina?
Pathway for spinal nerves
## Footnote
They may become stenotic, potentially impinging the nerve.
134
What are the three main parts of a typical vertebra?
* Body
* Vertebral arch
* Articular processes
## Footnote
The vertebral foramen is located in the central vertebral arch.
135
What is unique about the cervical vertebra C1 (Atlas)?
C1 has no vertebral body
## Footnote
It features lateral masses and anterior and posterior arches.
136
What is the unique feature of the cervical vertebra C2 (Axis)?
Odontoid Process
## Footnote
This vertebra has a more elongated spinous process.
137
What characterizes thoracic vertebrae?
* Costal facets in the body and transverse process
* Heart-shaped vertebral body
* Slanting spinous processes
## Footnote
These vertebrae articulate with the ribs.
138
What are the characteristics of lumbar vertebrae?
* Large vertebral bodies
* Triangular-shaped vertebral foramen
* Short and horizontal spinous processes
## Footnote
They are the largest and least mobile vertebrae.
139
What is the function of the sacrum?
Protects reproductive, digestive, and excretory organs
## Footnote
It articulates with the pelvic girdle and the coccyx.
140
What are the two main functions of intervertebral discs?
* Separates the vertebral bodies
* Transmits load from one vertebral body to the next
## Footnote
This increases motion between vertebrae.
141
What are the three parts of an intervertebral disc?
* Nucleus pulposus
* Anulus fibrosus
* Vertebral endplate
## Footnote
The disc is avascular.
142
What is the composition of the nucleus pulposus?
Gelatinous mass in the center
## Footnote
It contains more water than the annulus.
143
What is the role of annular fibers in the intervertebral disc?
Enhances spine's rotational stability and resists compressive stress
## Footnote
They form the fibrous outer ring.
144
What are the characteristics of lumbar vertebrae compared to cervical vertebrae?
Lumbar vertebrae are larger and less mobile; cervical vertebrae are smaller with bifid spinous processes
## Footnote
Cervical vertebrae also feature transverse foramina.
145
Fill in the blank: The ratio of disc height to vertebral body height increases from _______ to _______.
cervical to lumbar spine
## Footnote
This reflects greater mobility in the cervical and lumbar regions.
146
What is the major role of the thoracic spine?
Protection of thoracic viscera
147
What can dysfunction in the thoracic spine affect?
Elements of the autonomic nervous system
148
What differentiates the thoracic spine from the cervical and lumbar spine?
Articulations for the ribs
149
List the thoracic vertebrae.
T1-T12
150
Describe the shape of the vertebral body in thoracic vertebrae.
Heart-shaped when viewed from above
151
What happens to the dimensions of thoracic vertebral bodies from T1 to T12?
A-P & M-L dimensions length increase in size
152
What is unique about the shape of thoracic vertebral bodies?
Wedge-shaped with posterior height greater than anterior height
153
What is the normal curve produced by the thoracic vertebrae?
Kyphotic curve
154
What features characterize the superior and inferior surfaces of thoracic vertebrae?
Flat with a ring around the margin for attachment with intervertebral disc
155
What are costal facets or demifacets used for?
Rib head articulation
156
What is a facet in the context of thoracic vertebrae?
Articulating surface of the vertebrae where rib head articulates entirely
157
What is a demifacet?
Articulating surface where half of the rib head articulates with one vertebra and half with another
158
Describe the pedicles of thoracic vertebrae.
Short with minimal lateral projection, creating a small vertebral canal
159
How are the laminae of thoracic vertebrae characterized?
Short, broad, and thick
160
What is the shape and orientation of the spinous process in thoracic vertebrae?
Long, slender, triangular shape, pointing obliquely downward
161
What is the orientation of the transverse processes in thoracic vertebrae?
Thickened ends point laterally, posteriorly, and superiorly
162
What is the shape of the intervertebral foramen in thoracic vertebrae?
Circular and smaller compared to cervical and lumbar
163
What is the angle of the articular facets in thoracic vertebrae?
60 degrees to the sagittal plane
164
What type of joints connect thoracic vertebrae?
Intervertebral joints and zygapophyseal joints
165
What type of joint are intervertebral joints?
Secondary cartilaginous joints composed of fibrocartilage
166
What movement do amphiarthroses allow?
Only slight movement
167
What characterizes atypical thoracic vertebrae T1 and T9-12?
T1 resembles C7 and T9-12 have varying rib articulations
168
What is the typical range of the thoracic curve?
20-50 degrees with an average of 45 degrees
169
What anatomical feature contributes to thoracic kyphosis?
Anterior height of intervertebral discs less than posterior height
170
What are the primary ligaments found in the thoracic region?
* Anterior longitudinal ligament
* Posterior longitudinal ligament
* Ligamentum flavum
* Interspinous ligament
* Supraspinous ligament
171
What is the orientation of the zygapophyseal/facet joints in the thoracic spine?
Allows for large rotational and lateral flexion movements
172
What limits flexion and extension in the thoracic spine?
* Thin intervertebral disc
* Inferior projecting spinous processes
* Anterior rib projection
173
What percentage of thoracic injuries involve the thoracolumbar region?
90%
174
What is the most likely vertebra to sustain a fracture?
T12
175
True or False: The aorta lies anterior and to the left of the vertebral bodies of T3-T7.
True
176
What is the primary function of the rib cage?
Ventilation
## Footnote
The rib cage also increases stability of the thoracic spine during flexion, extension, lateral bending, and rotation.
177
What are the bony landmarks of the sternum?
Sternum, thoracic spine, ribs, jugular notch, xiphoid process
## Footnote
The superior border includes the first costocartilage and first ribs, continuous with the first thoracic vertebrae.
178
How are ribs 1-7 classified?
True ribs
## Footnote
They attach directly to the sternum.
179
What are ribs 8-10 classified as?
False ribs
## Footnote
They articulate with the sternum indirectly via rib 7.
180
What are ribs 11 and 12 classified as?
Floating ribs
## Footnote
They have no articulation or attachment to the sternum.
181
What are the three parts of the sternum?
Manubrium, body, xiphoid process
## Footnote
The manubrium articulates with the clavicles and the costal cartilages of the first pair of ribs.
182
What is the last component of the sternum to undergo ossification?
Xiphoid process
## Footnote
Its connection to the body of the sternum can be broken by an impact or strong pressure.
183
What are the typical components of a typical rib?
Head, neck, body
## Footnote
The head has two articular facets separated by a wedge of bone.
184
Which ribs are considered atypical?
Ribs 1, 2, 10, 11, and 12
## Footnote
They have features that are not common to all ribs.
185
What characterizes rib 1?
Shorter and wider with one facet
## Footnote
It has two grooves for the subclavian vessels.
186
What are costovertebral joints?
Joints between the head of the rib and the vertebrae
## Footnote
They involve the superior costal facet of the corresponding vertebra and the inferior costal facet of the vertebra above.
187
What are the two types of articulations with vertebrae?
Costovertebral joint, costotransverse joint
## Footnote
Costovertebral joints articulate with vertebrae, while costotransverse joints connect the necks and tubercles of the ribs with the transverse processes.
188
What happens during inspiration in terms of rib cage movement?
AP diameter increases as ribs are raised
## Footnote
This movement is primarily due to the elevation of the sternum at the manubriosternal joint.
189
What type of rib motion is described as 'pump-handle'?
Rib motion involving raising the sternal ends
## Footnote
Primarily involves the 1st to 6th ribs.
190
What type of rib motion is described as 'bucket-handle'?
Rib motion involving swinging outward
## Footnote
Primarily involves the 7th to 10th ribs.
191
What causes the thorax to return to a relaxed position during expiration?
Elastic recoil of the lungs and weight of thoracic walls
## Footnote
This affects both lateral and anteroposterior diameters.
192
Fill in the blank: The prominent groove along the inferior border of the internal rib surface is called the _______.
costal groove
## Footnote
It marks the path of nerves and blood vessels.
193
True or False: The xiphoid process articulates with the clavicles.
False
## Footnote
The xiphoid process does not articulate with the clavicles.
194
Which bone could fracture due to improper administration of CPR?
Manubrium
## Footnote
It articulates with the clavicles.
195
What is the function of the Serratus Anterior muscle?
Draws scapula anterolaterally, suspends scapula on thoracic wall, rotates scapula.
196
From which ribs does the Serratus Anterior originate?
1st to 8th or 9th ribs.
197
What is the appearance of the Serratus Anterior muscle?
Serrated or saw-toothed appearance.
198
List the intrinsic muscles of the thoracic region.
* Serratus posterior superior
* Serratus posterior inferior
* Intercostal muscles
* Levatores costarum
* Transversus thoracis
* Subcostales
199
What is the primary function of the Serratus Posterior Superior?
Elevates the ribs.
200
What is the primary function of the Serratus Posterior Inferior?
Depresses the ribs.
201
Where do the Serratus Posterior muscles run?
From the vertebral column to the rib cage.
202
What type of muscles are the intercostal muscles?
Muscles that present within the rib cage.
203
What are the three types of intercostal muscles?
* External intercostal muscles
* Internal intercostal muscles
* Innermost intercostal muscles
204
What is the function of the External Intercostal muscles?
Elevate the ribs during forced inhalation; accessory respiratory muscles.
205
What do the Internal Intercostal muscles enable?
Forced expiration by depressing the ribs.
206
Where do the Innermost Intercostal muscles originate?
Inner surface of the costal groove of the ribs.
207
What is the role of the Levatores costarum muscles?
Elevate the ribs and prevent paradoxical breathing.
208
How many Levatores costarum muscles are there?
12 small triangular muscles.
209
What is the origin of the Levatores costarum muscles?
Transverse processes of thoracic vertebrae.
210
What is the function of the Transversus thoracis muscles?
Support the thoracic cage and help to move the ribs during forced breathing.
211
What are Subcostales muscles and where are they located?
Thin muscles found on the inner surface of the posterior thoracic wall.
212
What is the function of the Subcostales muscles?
Pull the ribs inferiorly during forced exhalation and support the intercostal spaces.
213
True or False: The External Intercostal muscles are the most superficial set of intercostal muscles.
True.
214
Fill in the blank: The Serratus Posterior muscles are part of the _______ layer of the extrinsic musculature of the back.
intermediate
215
How many vertebrae are in the lumbar region?
Five vertebrae (L1-L5)
216
What are the primary functions of the lumbar vertebrae?
* Weight bearing of the upper body
* Flexion and extension
* Some lateral flexion
* Limited rotation
217
Describe the shape of the lumbar vertebral body.
Large, wide, kidney-shaped, thicker anteriorly than posteriorly
218
What is the shape of the lumbar vertebral foramen compared to thoracic and cervical vertebrae?
Triangular, larger than thoracic vertebrae, smaller than cervical vertebrae
219
What is the morphology of lumbar laminae?
Strong, broad, and short; upper lumbar laminae are taller instead of wider
220
How do the transverse processes of lumbar vertebrae differ from those in thoracic vertebrae?
Long and slender, horizontal in L1-L3, incline slightly upward in L4-L5
221
What are mammillary processes?
Small tubercles located on the posterior aspect of the superior articular processes
222
Describe the spinous process of lumbar vertebrae.
Short, blunt, projects almost horizontally, hatchet-shaped
223
What is the articulation type between consecutive lumbar vertebrae?
* Intervertebral (interbody) joint
* Facet joints
224
What is the function of facet joints in the lumbar region?
* Protect from anterior shear, rotation, and flexion
* Produce spinal motions including coupling movements
* Minimize restriction of extension and side bending
225
Name the primary muscles in the lumbar region.
* Quadratus lumborum
* Erector Spinae group
* Abdominal muscles
* Accessory muscles: Transversospinalis group, Intertransversarii
226
What is the function of the quadratus lumborum?
* Laterally flexes the trunk
* Extends the trunk when both sides contract
* Stabilizes the 12th rib during breathing
227
Which muscles are included in the abdominal muscles group?
* External Abdominal Oblique
* Internal Abdominal Oblique
* Transverse abdominus
* Rectus Abdominis
228
What is the primary function of the psoas major?
Bends the trunk laterally and raises/flexes the trunk from the supine position bilaterally
229
What is the role of the Erector Spinae group?
* Provides lumbar stabilization
* Assists with trunk extension
* Stabilizes spinal curvatures
230
Name the three groups of the Erector Spinae muscles.
* Iliocostalis
* Longissimus
* Spinalis
231
What is the primary role of the multifidus muscle?
Stabilizes and allows contralateral rotation of the spine
232
What happens during lumbar spine flexion?
* Superior vertebra anterior tilts and glides forward
* Intervertebral foramina widen by ~24%
* Nucleus pulposus moves posteriorly
* Facet joints open up
233
What are the resistance structures during lumbar spine flexion?
* Joint capsule ~39%
* Supraspinous/interspinous ligaments ~19%
* Ligamentum flavum ~13%
* Intervertebral disc ~29%
234
What occurs during lumbar spine extension?
* Superior vertebra tilts and glides posteriorly
* Intervertebral foramina narrow by ~20%
* Nucleus pulposus moves anteriorly
* Facet joints close
235
What are the resistance structures during lumbar spine extension?
* Structures anterior to the fulcrum are elongated (i.e. ALL)
* Ability of intervertebral disc to compress
* Joint capsule tension
* Passive tension of psoas major
236
Fill in the blank: The lumbar spine is well designed for _______.
[flexion]
