AI Flashcards
(153 cards)
1
Q
What are the main functions of the abdominal muscles?
A
Protect internal organs, maintain erect posture, help expiration of the lungs
The abdominal muscles include the external abdominal oblique, internal abdominal oblique, rectus abdominis, and transversus abdominis.
2
Q
What are the four main muscles of the abdominal wall from superficial to deep?
A
- External abdominal oblique
- Internal abdominal oblique
- Rectus abdominis
- Transversus abdominis
These muscles play a crucial role in protecting internal organs and facilitating movement.
3
Q
What is the linea alba?
A
Avascular midline subcutaneous band of fibrous tissue where the fascial aponeuroses of the rectus sheath interdigitate
It runs from the pubic symphysis to the xiphoid process.
4
Q
What is the rectus sheath?
A
A fascial sheath containing the rectus abdominis muscle
It extends from the pubic symphysis to the xiphoid process and 5th to 7th costal cartilages.
5
Q
What is the origin of the external abdominal oblique muscle?
A
External surface and inferior borders of the lower eight ribs
It is the largest and most superficial of the abdominal muscles.
6
Q
What are the actions of the external abdominal oblique muscle during unilateral contraction?
A
Ipsilateral lateral flexion of the trunk and contralateral rotation of the trunk
Bilateral contraction flexes the trunk anteriorly.
7
Q
What is the origin of the internal abdominal oblique muscle?
A
Thoracolumbar fascia, anterior 2/3 of the iliac crest, lateral 1/2 of the inguinal ligament
Its fibers run perpendicular to those of the external oblique.
8
Q
What are the functions of the rectus abdominis?
A
Flexes the trunk, compresses abdominal wall
It is segmented by three tendinous intersections.
9
Q
What is the deepest abdominal muscle?
A
Transversus abdominis
It stabilizes the lumbar spine and pelvis before limb movements.
10
Q
What is the primary function of the diaphragm?
A
Facilitates expansion of the thoracic cavity, decreasing intrathoracic pressure
This allows the lungs to expand and aids in inspiration.
11
Q
What are the origins of the diaphragm?
A
- Sternal part: Posterior aspect of xiphoid process
- Costal part: Internal surfaces of lower costal cartilages and ribs 7-12
- Lumbar part: Bodies of vertebrae L1-L3
The diaphragm has several openings including the caval opening, oesophageal hiatus, and aortic hiatus.
12
Q
What are the key muscles of the posterior abdomen?
A
- Lumbar intertransversarii
- Interspinales lumborum
- Multifidus
- Quadratus lumborum
These muscles stabilize the vertebrae and assist in spine movement.
13
Q
What is the action of the quadratus lumborum?
A
Bends the trunk, fixes the placement of the 12th rib, aids in respiration
It originates on the posterior aspect of the iliac crest.
14
Q
What are the components of the levator ani group?
A
- Puborectalis
- Pubococcygeus
- Iliococcygeus
These muscles stabilize the abdominal and pelvic organs.
15
Q
What is the origin of the puborectalis muscle?
A
Posterior surface of bodies of pubic bones
It forms a ‘puborectal sling’ posterior to the rectum.
16
Q
What are the actions of the iliococcygeus muscle?
A
Elevates the pelvic floor
It originates from the tendinous arch of the internal obturator fascia and ischial spine.
17
Q
Fill in the blank: The _______ is not part of the levator ani.
A
Coccygeus
18
Q
What is the action of the coccygeus muscle?
A
Elevates the pelvic floor
It originates from the ischial spine and inserts on the inferior end of the sacrum and coccyx.
19
Q
What connects the ascending and descending aorta?
A
Great vessels
Three arteries originate: brachiocephalic trunk, left common carotid artery, and left subclavian artery.
20
Q
What is the largest artery in the body?
A
Aorta
It leaves the heart, arches superiorly, then descends.
21
Q
What are the two main branches of the descending aorta?
A
Thoracic aorta and abdominal aorta
22
Q
What artery supplies blood to the brain and does not have branches in the neck?
A
Internal Carotid Artery
23
Q
What artery supplies blood to the face, scalp, and neck muscles?
A
External Carotid Artery
24
Q
Name the major arteries of the head and neck
A
- Common carotid artery
- Internal carotid artery
- External carotid artery
- Vertebral artery
- Facial artery
- Maxillary artery
- Superficial temporal artery
- Occipital artery
25
What does the thoracic aorta supply?
Viscera and body wall
26
What are the branches of the celiac trunk?
* Left Gastric Artery
* Splenic Artery
* Common Hepatic Artery
27
What does the superior mesenteric artery supply?
Small intestine, cecum, appendix, ascending and transverse colon
28
What does the inferior mesenteric artery supply?
Large intestine (descending colon, sigmoid colon)
29
What arteries supply blood to the kidneys?
Renal Arteries
30
What arteries supply blood to the lower back muscles and spinal cord?
Lumbar Arteries
31
What artery supplies blood to the diaphragm?
Inferior Phrenic Arteries
32
What are the major arteries in the pelvic region?
* Common iliac artery
* External iliac artery
* Internal iliac artery
33
What is the function of the anterior and posterior spinal arteries?
Supply blood to the spinal cord
34
True or False: The anterior spinal arteries join to form a single artery at the level of the medulla.
True
35
What do radicular arteries supply?
Most of the lower levels of the spinal cord
36
What are the two types of veins associated with the blood supply?
Deep veins and superficial veins
37
What is the function of the hepatic vein?
Drains blood from the liver
38
Fill in the blank: The _______ veins run parallel to arteries.
Deep
39
Name a major systemic vein.
* Superior vena cava
* Inferior vena cava
* Brachial veins
* Renal veins
* Femoral vein
40
What is the main function of the lymphatic system?
To return the lymph from the tissues back into the bloodstream
## Footnote
It is a system of specialized vessels and organs that is part of both the circulatory and immune systems.
41
What are the key functions of the lymphatic system?
* Transport dietary lipids
* Reabsorbs excess interstitial fluid
* Maintains blood volume levels
* Prevents interstitial fluid levels from rising out of control
* Lymphocyte development and immune response
42
What are lymph capillaries?
Blind-ended vessels with a single layer of overlapping endothelial cells
## Footnote
They are more permeable than blood capillaries and are absent from avascular structures, brain, spinal cord, splenic pulp, and bone marrow.
43
What special type of lymphatic capillaries are found in the small intestine?
Lacteals
## Footnote
They absorb dietary lipids and lipid-soluble vitamins.
44
How are lymphatic vessels structured?
Three-layered wall, thinner than veins, with more numerous valves
## Footnote
They are arranged in superficial and deep locations.
45
Name the major lymphatic trunks.
* Right and left jugular trunks
* Right and left subclavian trunks
* Right and left bronchomediastinal trunks
* Intestinal trunk
* Right and left lumbar trunks
46
What is the thoracic duct?
A major lymphatic duct that arches forwards and descends to enter the left venous angle
## Footnote
It receives lymph from the left jugular, subclavian, and bronchomediastinal trunks before terminating.
47
What are the primary lymphatic organs?
* Red bone marrow
* Thymus gland
48
What are the secondary lymphatic organs?
* Lymph nodes
* Lymph nodules
* Spleen
49
Where are lymph nodes typically found?
Along the pathways of lymph vessels, often in clusters
## Footnote
They receive lymph from many body regions.
50
What are the two types of lymph vessels associated with lymph nodes?
* Afferent vessels
* Efferent lymph vessels
51
What does a sentinel lymph node indicate?
The lymph node where the lymph of an organ or body part drains first
## Footnote
It serves as a key indicator in regional drainage.
52
True or False: The right lymphatic duct drains lymph from the left side of the body.
False
## Footnote
The right lymphatic duct receives lymph from the right half of the head, neck, thorax, right upper limb, right lung, right side of heart, and right surface of liver.
53
What is the spinal cord a part of?
Central nervous system (CNS)
54
Where does the spinal cord extend from and to?
From the foramen magnum at the base of the skull to the L1/L2 vertebra
55
What mnemonic can help remember the termination of the spinal cord?
'SCULL' which stands for 'Spinal Cord Until L2 (LL)'
56
How many segments are defined by the spinal cord?
31 segments defined by 31 pairs of nerves
57
What are the four different regions of the spinal cord?
* Cervical
* Thoracic
* Lumbar
* Sacral
58
At which spinal levels are the upper limb and lower limb enlargements located?
* Upper limbs: C3 to T1
* Lower limbs: L1 to S2
59
What is the filum terminale?
A strand of fibrous tissue extending from the conus medullaris to the 1st coccygeal vertebra
60
What is the cauda equina?
A collection of spinal nerve roots distal to the conus medullaris
61
What are the three layers of spinal meninges?
* Dura mater
* Arachnoid mater
* Pia mater
62
What is the subarachnoid space filled with?
Cerebrospinal fluid
63
What is the lumbar cistern?
The subarachnoid space caudal to the medullary cone
64
What is the central canal of the spinal cord filled with?
Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
65
What shapes does the gray matter in the spinal cord resemble?
The letter 'H' or a 'butterfly'
66
What are the divisions of gray matter in the spinal cord?
* Dorsal horn
* Lateral horn
* Ventral horn
67
How does the ratio of gray matter to white matter vary in the spinal cord?
Greater in lower levels than in higher levels
68
What are the three divisions of white matter in the spinal cord?
* Dorsal (posterior) column
* Lateral column
* Ventral (anterior) column
69
What does the ascending tract carry?
Sensory information from peripheral nerves to the brain
70
What are the three major pathways of the ascending tract?
* Dorsal column
* Spinothalamic tract
* Spinocerebellar tracts
71
What are the two main categories of descending tracts?
* Pyramidal Tracts (Direct Pathways)
* Extrapyramidal Tracts (Indirect Pathways)
72
What does the dorsal horn comprise?
Sensory nuclei that receive and process incoming somatosensory information
73
What does the ventral horn comprise?
Motor neurons that innervate skeletal muscle
74
What do the dorsal root fibers originate from?
Primary sensory dorsal root ganglion cells
75
What do the ventral roots contain?
Axons of motor neurons
76
How many pairs of spinal nerves are there?
31 pairs
77
What is a spinal segment defined by?
Dorsal roots entering and ventral roots exiting the cord
78
Where do lower spinal nerves exit through?
Corresponding vertebral foramina after traveling downward
79
What are dermatomes?
Areas of the skin connected to a specific spinal nerve
80
What are myotomes?
Specific muscles supplied by a specific spinal nerve
81
What are the three types of PNS fibers?
* Motor
* Sensory
* Autonomic
## Footnote
These fibers are responsible for transmitting motor commands, sensory information, and autonomic functions.
82
How many pairs of spinal nerves exist?
31 pairs
## Footnote
Spinal nerves emerge from the spinal cord to exit the vertebral canal.
83
What is the conus medullaris?
The structure where the spinal cord tapers below the level of L1/L2
## Footnote
It marks the end of the spinal cord.
84
What is the cauda equina?
A structure resembling a horse’s tail formed by remaining spinal nerve rootlets
## Footnote
These nerves exit the spinal cord at the level of the conus medullaris.
85
What does the anterior (ventral) root contain?
* Efferent nerve fibers
* Cell bodies located in the central grey matter of the spinal cord
## Footnote
It carries stimuli away from the CNS towards target structures.
86
What does the posterior (dorsal) root contain?
* Afferent nerve fibers
* Cell bodies located in the spinal/dorsal root ganglion
## Footnote
It returns sensory information to the CNS.
87
What are the two types of rami in spinal nerves?
* Posterior (dorsal) ramus
* Anterior (ventral) ramus
## Footnote
Both carry mixed nerves with somatic motor and sensory fibers.
88
What are intercostal nerves?
Ventral rami in the T2-T12 region that travel deep to the intercostal muscles
## Footnote
They serve the muscles and skin in that area.
89
What are the four nerve plexuses?
* Brachial plexus
* Cervical plexus
* Lumbar plexus
* Sacral plexus
## Footnote
These are formed by the reorganization of axons in the cervical, lumbar, and sacral regions.
90
What is a dermatome?
An area of skin innervated by a single spinal nerve
## Footnote
It reflects the segmental innervation of the skin.
91
Which spinal nerves innervate the shoulder?
C5
## Footnote
Dermatomes help in identifying potential damage to spinal nerves.
92
What does a myotome represent?
A group of muscles innervated by a single spinal cord/nerve level
## Footnote
Testing movements can indicate spinal cord function.
93
Fill in the blank: The anterior root carries _______ information.
[motor only]
## Footnote
This is crucial for understanding the type of signals carried by spinal nerves.
94
True or False: All spinal nerves except C1 innervate a region on the skin.
True
## Footnote
This indicates the role of spinal nerves in sensory innervation.
95
What is the Lumbar plexus?
A network of nerve fibres that supplies the skin and musculature of the lower limb.
96
Where is the Lumbar plexus located?
In the lumbar region, within the psoas major muscle and anterior to the transverse processes of the lumbar vertebrae.
97
What spinal nerves form the Lumbar plexus?
Anterior rami of lumbar spinal nerves L1, L2, L3, and L4, with contributions from thoracic spinal nerve T12.
98
How many major peripheral nerves arise from the Lumbar plexus?
Six major peripheral nerves.
99
Name the six major peripheral nerves of the Lumbar plexus.
* Iliohypogastric nerve
* Ilioinguinal nerve
* Genitofemoral nerve
* Lateral cutaneous nerve of the thigh
* Obturator nerve
* Femoral nerve
100
What is the mnemonic for remembering the branches of the Lumbar plexus?
I Got Lost On Freeway.
101
What is the first major branch of the Lumbar plexus?
Iliohypogastric nerve.
102
What muscles does the Iliohypogastric nerve innervate?
Internal oblique and transversus abdominis.
103
What sensory functions does the Iliohypogastric nerve provide?
Innervates the posterolateral gluteal skin and suprapubic region.
104
What is the anatomical course of the Ilioinguinal nerve?
Follows the same anatomical course as the Iliohypogastric nerve.
105
What does the Ilioinguinal nerve innervate in males?
Skin over the root of the penis and anterior scrotum.
106
What does the Ilioinguinal nerve innervate in females?
Skin over mons pubis and labia majora.
107
Which branches does the Genitofemoral nerve divide into?
Genital branch and femoral branch.
108
What does the genital branch of the Genitofemoral nerve innervate?
Cremasteric muscle.
109
What sensory functions does the femoral branch of the Genitofemoral nerve provide?
Innervates the skin on the upper anterior thigh.
110
What is the function of the Lateral Cutaneous Nerve of the Thigh?
Purely sensory function.
111
What areas does the Lateral Cutaneous Nerve of the Thigh innervate?
Innervates the anterior and lateral thigh down to the level of the knee.
112
What is the major role of the Obturator nerve?
Innervates the muscles of the medial thigh.
113
What muscles does the anterior branch of the Obturator nerve innervate?
* Adductor longus
* Adductor brevis
* Gracilis
* Pectineus (may also supply)
114
What muscles does the posterior branch of the Obturator nerve innervate?
* Obturator externus
* Adductor magnus
115
What is the largest branch of the Lumbar plexus?
Femoral nerve.
116
What does the Femoral nerve innervate?
* Hip flexors: Pectineus, Iliacus, Sartorius
* Knee extensors: Quadriceps femoris
117
What are the sensory functions of the Femoral nerve?
Innervates the skin on the anterior thigh and the medial leg.
118
What is the terminal cutaneous branch of the Femoral nerve?
Saphenous nerve.
119
Where does the Saphenous nerve innervate?
The medial aspect of the leg and the foot.
120
What forms the Brachial Plexus?
Anterior rami of 5 nerve roots (C5, C6, C7, C8, T1)
## Footnote
The Brachial Plexus is a network of nerves that supplies the upper limb.
121
What is the sequence of structures formed by the Brachial Plexus?
Roots, Trunks, Divisions, Cords, Nerves
## Footnote
This sequence describes the organization of the nerves in the Brachial Plexus.
122
What rule applies to the formation of the cords in the Brachial Plexus?
The top 2 combine
## Footnote
This rule refers to how the anterior divisions of the trunks combine to form the cords.
123
What do the anterior divisions of the upper and middle trunks form?
Lateral cords
## Footnote
This is part of the organization of the Brachial Plexus.
124
What do the three posterior divisions combine to form?
The posterior cord
## Footnote
This structure is essential for the innervation of muscles in the upper limb.
125
Which trunk forms the medial cord?
The anterior division from the inferior trunk
## Footnote
The medial cord plays a role in sensory and motor innervation.
126
How are the medial and lateral cords named?
According to their position around the axillary artery
## Footnote
This naming convention helps in identifying the cords during anatomical studies.
127
Which nerve roots form the upper trunk of the Brachial Plexus?
C5-C6
## Footnote
The upper trunk is critical for the formation of various nerve branches.
128
Which nerve roots form the middle trunk of the Brachial Plexus?
C7
## Footnote
The middle trunk serves as a central connecting point in the plexus.
129
Which nerve roots form the lower trunk of the Brachial Plexus?
C8-T1
## Footnote
The lower trunk contributes to the formation of the medial cord.
130
What nerve branches originate from the roots of the Brachial Plexus?
* Dorsal Scapular
* Long thoracic
* Phrenic nerve
## Footnote
These branches innervate specific muscles and provide sensory input.
131
What muscle does the Dorsal Scapular nerve innervate?
Rhomboid muscles and levator scapulae
## Footnote
This nerve is important for scapular movement.
132
What is the origin and innervation of the Phrenic nerve?
Root - C3-C5; Motor supply to the diaphragm
## Footnote
The Phrenic nerve is crucial for breathing.
133
What nerve branches originate from the trunks of the Brachial Plexus?
* Suprascapular
* Subclavius
## Footnote
These nerves are involved in shoulder movement.
134
What does the Suprascapular nerve innervate?
Supraspinatus and infraspinatus muscles
## Footnote
These muscles are key for shoulder abduction and external rotation.
135
Which nerves originate from the posterior cord?
* Subscapular superior
* Subscapular inferior
* Thoracodorsal nerve
## Footnote
These nerves innervate muscles that move the glenohumeral joint.
136
What is the origin and innervation of the Thoracodorsal nerve?
Posterior cord (C6–C8); Innervates latissimus dorsi
## Footnote
This muscle is important for adduction and extension of the shoulder.
137
What nerves are responsible for sensory innervation of the arm and forearm?
* Medial cutaneous nerve of arm
* Medial cutaneous nerve of forearm
## Footnote
These nerves provide sensation to the skin in their respective areas.
138
Fill in the blank: The _______ nerve innervates the diaphragm.
Phrenic nerve
## Footnote
The Phrenic nerve is essential for respiratory function.
139
True or False: The medial and lateral cords are named based on their position around the brachial plexus.
False
## Footnote
They are named according to their position around the axillary artery.
140
What is the origin of the Musculocutaneous nerve?
Lateral cord (C5 - C7)
## Footnote
Innervates muscular and cutaneous branches.
141
What does the Axillary Nerve innervate?
Muscular branches and cutaneous branches
## Footnote
Originates from the posterior cord (C5 - C6).
142
Which muscles are innervated by the Radial Nerve?
Triceps brachii, brachioradialis, anconeus, supinator, extensor carpi radialis longus and brevis, extensor carpi ulnaris
## Footnote
Originates from the posterior cord (C5 – C8, T1).
143
What is the origin of the Median nerve?
Medial cord (C8-T1)
## Footnote
Supplies muscular branches from the lateral cord (C5- C7) except for flexor carpi ulnaris and part of flexor digitorum profundus.
144
What does the Ulnar nerve supply?
Muscular branches: flexor carpi ulnaris, medial half of flexor digitorum profundus, interossei, lumbricals 3 and 4; Cutaneous branches: anterior and posterior
## Footnote
Originates from the medial cord (C8-T1).
145
What are the three branches of the Ulnar nerve?
* Palmar cutaneous branch
* Dorsal cutaneous branch
* Superficial branch
## Footnote
Each branch innervates specific areas of the hand.
146
What is the function of the medial cutaneous nerve of the forearm?
Sensory innervation of the medial aspect of the forearm
## Footnote
Also known as the medial antebrachial cutaneous nerve.
147
What causes Long Thoracic Nerve (LTN) injury?
Traction, compression, and neuralgic amyotrophy
## Footnote
Symptoms include winging scapula and pain around the neck and shoulder.
148
What is a common symptom of a Radial nerve injury?
Wrist drop
## Footnote
Caused by denervation of the extensor muscles.
149
What is Carpal tunnel syndrome?
Entrapment syndrome caused by pressure on the median nerve within the carpal tunnel
## Footnote
Symptoms include pain, pins-and-needles sensations, and weakness of the thenar muscles.
150
What test can produce symptoms of Carpal tunnel syndrome?
Tinel's sign
## Footnote
Involves gently tapping over the median nerve at the flexor retinaculum.
151
Fill in the blank: The Ulnar nerve innervates the _______ muscles.
hypothenar
## Footnote
Includes interossei and lumbricals 3 and 4.
152
True or False: The Radial nerve is tightly bound with the profunda brachii artery.
True
## Footnote
Located between the medial and lateral heads of the triceps brachii muscle.
153
What are the signs of Long Thoracic Nerve injury?
* Winging scapula
* Pain around the base of the neck
* Limitation of forward flexion and abduction of the shoulder
## Footnote
Usually observed during overhead movements or resisted push-ups.
