Lecture 8

Question 1

Aorta

Answer 1

Largest artery in the body, leaves the heart, arch superiorly then descends.

Divides into three:
1. Ascending Aorta
2. Aortic Arch
3. Descending Aorta

Question 2

Ascending Aorta

Answer 2

• Begins at – aortic valve of the left ventricle
• Left carotid artery originates at its base

Question 3

Aortic arch

Answer 3

• Connects ascending and descending aorta
• Three arteries originate:
• brachiocephalic trunk
• left common carotid artery
• left subclavian artery
• Blood supply to head, neck , shoulder, upper limb, superior thoracic wall

Question 4

Descending Aorta

Answer 4

• Runs posteriorly to heart & inferiorly on the bodies of thoracic and lumbar vertebrae
• Two branches – thoracic aorta & abdominal aorta

Question 5

The major artery of the head and neck is?

Answer 5

Common carotid artery

Question 6

What does the common carotid artery branch into?

Answer 6

• Internal Carotid Artery
• External Carotid Artery

Question 7

Internal Carotid Artery

Answer 7

• Supplies blood to the brain, eyes, and other structures inside the skull.
• It does not have branches in the neck.

Question 8

External Carotid Artery

Answer 8

• Supplies blood to the face, scalp, neck muscles, and other structures outside the skull.
• It has many branches that supply different regions, i.e the facial artery, occipital artery, and superficial temporal artery.

Question 9

Thoracic aorta

Answer 9

• Supplies viscera and body wall
• Bronchial, esophageal and mediastinal branches
• Posterior intercostal and Phrenic Arteries

Question 10

Major Arteries of the Thorax

Answer 10

• Thoracic Aorta
• Branches of subclavian artery

Question 11

Branches of subclavian artery that supplies the thorax region:

Answer 11

• Internal thoracic
• Anterior intercostal
• Pericardiophrenic

Question 12

Major Branches of Abdominal Aorta

Answer 12

• Inferior Phrenic Arteries:
• Celiac Trunk (Artery)
• Superior Mesenteric
• Inferior Mesenteric
• Renal Arteries
• Lumbar Arteries
• Median Sacral Artery

Question 13

Inferior Phrenic Arteries

Answer 13

Arteries that supply blood to the:
- Diaphragm
- Muscle separating the chest from the abdomen.

Question 14

Celiac Trunk (Artery) branches:

Answer 14

• Left Gastric Artery (blood to stomach)
• Splenic Artery (blood to spleen, pancreas and part of stomach)
• Common Hepatic Artery (blood to liver, gallbladder and part of stomach)

Question 15

Superior Mesenteric

Answer 15

Supplies blood to:
- Small intestine
- Cecum
- Appendix
- Ascending and transverse colon

Question 16

Inferior Mesenteric

Answer 16

Supplies blood to the large intestine (descending colon, sigmoid colon)

Question 17

Renal Arteries

Answer 17

Supply blood to the kidneys

Question 18

Lumbar Arteries

Answer 18

Supply blood to the lower back muscles and spinal cord.

Question 19

Median Sacral Artery

Answer 19

Supplies blood to the
sacrum and coccyx.

Question 20

Major Arteries of Lumbar Region

Answer 20

• Lumbar Arteries
• Lumbar branches of iliolumbar artery
• Lumbar branches of the median sacral artery

Question 21

Lumbar Arteries

Answer 21

• Arise from the abdominal aorta
• Supply blood to the muscles and vertebrae of the lower back

Question 22

Lumbar branches of the
iliolumbar artery

Answer 22

• A branch of the internal iliac
• Supply muscles and structures of the lower back and pelvis.

Question 23

Lumbar branches of the
median sacral artery

Answer 23

Supply blood to the lower back
and pelvic region.

Question 24

Major Arteries of Pelvic Region

Answer 24

• Common iliac artery
• External iliac artery
• Internal iliac artery

Question 25

Common Iliac Artery

Answer 25

Arise from the abdominal aorta (at the level of L4)

Question 26

External Iliac Artery

Answer 26

A branch of the common iliac artery

Question 27

Internal Iliac Artery

Answer 27

A branch of the common iliac artery

Question 28

Blood supply to the spinal cord - Upper cervical

Answer 28

Blood supply is derived from 2 branches of the vertebral arteries: - Anterior and Posterior Spinal arteries

Question 29

Blood supply to the spinal cord - Medulla level

Answer 29

- Paired Anterior Spinal arteries join to form a single artery that lies in the Anterior Median Fissure.

Question 30

The Posterior Spinal arteries are paired and form an:

Answer 30

Anastomotic chain over the posterior aspect of the spinal cord

Question 31

A plexus of small arteries, the arterial vasocorona, on the surface of the cord constitutes an:

Answer 31

Anastomotic connection between the Anterior and Posterior Spinal arteries

Question 32

Blood supply to Spinal Cord - Below Upper cervical

Answer 32

The Anterior and Posterior Spinal arteries narrow and form an anastomotic network with Radicular arteries.

Question 33

Radicular arteries

Answer 33

- Branches of the Cervical trunk, Intercostal & Iliac arteries - Supply most of the lower levels of the spinal cord.

Question 34

How many pairs of Radicular arteries supplying the anterior and posterior spinal cord.

Answer 34

Approx. 6-8

Question 35

Systemic Veins

Answer 35

Deep veins run parallel to arteries while superficial veins have many anastomoses

Question 36

Lymphatic system

Answer 36

A system of specialized vessels and organs whose main function is to return the lymph from the tissues back into the bloodstream

Question 37

What systems is the lymphatic system considered to be apart of?

Answer 37

- Circulatory - Immune

Question 38

What does the lymphatic system regulate?

Answer 38

- Balance of fluids in body - Filters pathogens from the blood

Question 39

What are the functions of the lymphatic system?

Answer 39

* Reabsorbs excess interstitial fluid. * Transports dietary lipids * Lymphocyte development and the immune response

Question 40

Lymph drainage process

Answer 40

Question 41

Lymph Capillaries

Answer 41

- Blind End - Single layer of overlapping endothelial cells - More permeable than blood capillary

Question 42

Small Intestine Lymphatic Capillaries

Answer 42

- Special type called "lacteals" - Absorb dietary lipids and lipid-soluble vitamins

Question 43

Lymphatic Vessels

Answer 43

* Three layered wall but thinner than vein * More numerous valves than in vein * Arranged in superficial and deep locations

Question 44

Lymphatic trunk

Answer 44

* Right and left jugular trunks * Right and left subclavian trunks * Right and left bronchomediastinal trunks * Intestinal trunk * Right and left lumbar trunks

Question 45

Lymphatic Ducts

Answer 45

* Formed by union of right jugular, subclavian, and bronchomediastinal trunks * Ends by entering the right venous angle

Question 46

Thoracic Ducts

Answer 46

* At the root of the neck, it turns laterally * Arches forwards and descends to enter the left venous angle * Before terminate, it receives the left jugular, Subclavian and broncho-mediastinal trunk

Question 47

Lymph organs - Primary

Answer 47

- Red bone marrow - Thymus gland

Question 48

Lymph organs - Secondary

Answer 48

- Lymph nodes - Lymph nodules - Spleen

Question 49

Lymph node

Answer 49

* Small, round or oval * Along the pathways of lymph vessels * Typically found in clusters, but are also found individually throughout the body tissues. * Receive lymph from many body regions

Question 50

Lymph node Vessels

Answer 50

* Has afferent vessels (entering at the periphery) and efferent lymph vessels (emerging at the hilus) * Divided into superficial and deep groups

Question 51

Pattern of Lymph drainage

Answer 51

Right lymphatic duct: - Receives lymph from right half of head, neck thorax and right upper limb, right lung, right side of heart and right surface of liver Thoracic Duct: - Drains lymph from lower limbs, pelvic cavity, left side of thorax, left side of (head, neck and upper limb)

Question 52

Regional Lymph Node

Answer 52

Lymph node where the lymph of the organ or part of the body drainage to firstly =Sentinel Lymph Node