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Anatomy 1 - Axial > Lecture 2 > Flashcards

Lecture 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Types of Articulation in Vertebral Column

A

Cartilaginous Articulation:
- Between vertebral bodies and discs

Synovial Articulation:
- Intervertebral: Formed by adjacent vertebral bodies and the intervening intervertebral discs
- Zygapophyseal: Between superior and inferior articular processes of adjacent vertebral bodies.

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2
Q

Intervertebral Symphysis

A
  • Extend between C2-S1
  • No intervertebral discs C0-C1 or C1-C2
  • Vertebral endplates overlie the discal surfaces of the vertebral bodies
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3
Q

Zygapophyseal Joint:

A
  • Diathrodial (synovial) articulations
  • Capsules encloses the facet joints & is highly innervated with nociceptors for proprioception.
  • Share 1/3 load-bearing
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4
Q

Zygapophyseal Orientation

A

Cervical:
- 45 degrees oblique plane

Thoracic:
- Angled 60 degrees

Lumbar:
- Mainly saggital plane orientated 90 degrees

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5
Q

Cervical Uncovertebral Joint

A
  • Small, synovial, but lack synovial membrane
  • Lined with fibrocartilage & covered by thin fibrous capsule
  • 4 pairs of plane synovial joints C3-C7
  • Between unicinated processes of the bodies of lower vertebra.
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6
Q

Uncovertebral Joint Functions

A
  • Guides cervical motion
  • Prevents lateral translation
  • Reduces Intervertebral discs herniation
  • protects vertebral arteries
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7
Q

Ligaments of Vertebral Column

A

6 main ligaments:
- Anterior longitudinal
- posterior longitudinal
- Ligamentum flavum
- Interspinous
- Supraspinous
- Intertransverse

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8
Q

Anterior Longitudinal Ligament

A
  • Primary spine stabiliser
  • Runs along anterior surface of the vertebral bodies from skull to sacrum
  • Prevents hyper-extension
  • Whiplash injuries
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9
Q

Posterior Longitudinal Ligament

A
  • Along posterior surface of vertebral bodies, inside the vertebral canal from base of skull to sacrum
  • Prevents hyper-flexion and posterior disc herniation
  • Not as strong as ALL
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10
Q

Interspinous Ligament

A
  • Between adjacent SP
  • Thin ligament attaches to another (ligamentum flavum)
  • Resists excessive flexion
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11
Q

Supraspinous Ligament

A
  • Attaches tip of SP to the other C7-Sacrum
  • Additional support against hyper-flexion
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12
Q

Ligamentum Flavum (Yellow Ligament)

A
  • Connects laminae of adjacent vertebrae
  • Base of skull to pelvis
  • The strongest
  • Protects spinal cord and nerves
  • Maintaining spinal posture & assists in returning the spine to neutral position after flexion
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13
Q

Intertransverse Ligament

A
  • Between adjacent TP
  • Resists lateral bending
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14
Q

Spine Movements

A
  • Greatest freedom of movement occurs in cervical & lumbar
  • Flexion greater in cervical, extension greater in lumbar
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15
Q

Movement of the Spine are a Function of:

A
  • Size and compressibility of intervertebral discs
  • Tightness of the joint capsule
  • Orientation of the articular facets
  • Muscle & ligament function
  • Articulations with thoracic cage
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16
Q

Cervical spine divisions

A

Upper:
- Craniovertebral region
- C1 & C2

Lower cervical spine

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17
Q

Atypical Vertebrae of Cervical

A

C1, C2 & C7

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18
Q

Typical Cervical Vertebrae

A
  • Body is small. longer horizontally than antero-posteriorly
  • Sp short and bifid
  • Tp has oval transverse foramen
  • vertebral foramen is large & triangular
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19
Q

C1 (Atlas)

A
  • Ring shapes
  • Function to cradle occiput & transmit forces to lower C spine
  • NO vertebral body
  • NO spinous process
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20
Q

C1 (Atlas) Anterior Arch

A

Contains tubercle & a facet for articulation with dens

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21
Q

C1 (Atlas) Posterior Arch

A

Contains posterior tubercle, serving as a substitute for SP

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22
Q

C1 (Atlas) Lateral Masses

A

Thickest parts, supporting the superior & inferior articular facets.

Superior Articular Facets:
- Articulate with occipital bonecondyles for nodding “yes” movements

Inferior Articular Facets:
- Articulate with C2 to form atlantoaxial joint for head rotation

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23
Q

C2 (Axis) Vertebra

A

Dens:
- Anterior portion that extends superiorly
-

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24
Q

C7

A
  • Longest SP & not bifid
  • TP is large, while its foramen is small
  • Does not transmit vertebral artery
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25
Typical Cervical Vertebra: Body
- The medial-lateral diameter is greater than anteroposterior diameter - Size increases slightly from C2-C7
26
Typical Cervical Vertebra: Uncinate process
- Posterolateral margins of the superior surfaces of the body of C3-C7 - Give upper vertebra the concave shape
27
Typical Cervical Vertebra: Transverse process
- Unique features of transverse foramen house vertebral artery, vein & venous plexus. - Groove for spinal nerves
28
Typical Cervical Vertebra: Spinous Process
- Short, slender & bifid - Length decreases slightly C2 & C3, constant C3-C5
29
Typical Cervical Vertebra: vertebral foramen
- Large, triangular to accomadate the enlargement of spinal cord
30
Intervertebral Discs in Cervical Region
- Thicker anteriorly & taper laterally as discs approach the unicinate process - Posterior fibres of annulus form thinner-layer less compared to lumbar - Anterior fibres are thicker in anterior aspect
31
Cervical Zygapophyseal Joint
- True synovial containing fibroaclipse meniscoids - 45 degrees to frontal & horizontal plane
32
Cervical Interbody Joints
- In lower cervical are saddle joints - Inferior surface is concave - Superior surface is convex because of uncinate process
33
Atlanto-Occipital Articulation
- 2 concave superior facets of atlas articulating with the 2 convex occipital condyles of skull - True synovial - Flexion-extension - A pivot articulation between the odontoid process & ring formed by anterior arch & transverse ligament of C1
34
Atlanto-Odontoid Joint
- Flexion & extension (nodding) - Allows side to side movement - Dens functions as a pivot that permits atlas & attached occipital bone to rotate on axis
35
Atlanto-Axial Joint
- Complex joint C1-C2 - 3 Synovial joints - Primary movement is rotation
36
The 3 synovial joints in the Atlanto-Axial Joint
1 Median atlantoaxial joint: - Between dens & osteoligamentous ring of C1 anterior & transverse ligament posteriorly 2 Lateral atlantoaxial joints: - Lateral masses of C1-C2
37
Craniovertebral Ligaments
- Several ligaments - Attach to axis, atlas or occiput & reinforce articulations of upper 2 vertebrae 1. Anterior atlantoaxial membrane 2. Posterior atlantoaxial membrane 3. Alar ligament 4. Transverse ligament of atlas 5. Cruciate ligament of atlas 6. Tectorial membrane 7. Apical ligament
38
Anterior & Posterior Atlanto-Occipital Membrane
Anterior: - A superior continuation of ALL Posterior: - Corresponds superiorly with ligamentum flavum - Laterally it bends with atlantooccipital joint capsules - Prevents hyperflexion of atlas
39
Alar Ligament
- Extends from sides of the dens to occipital condyles - Limits excessive rotation of the head & stabilizes the craniovertebrae junction - Injury can increase rotational instability
40
Transverse Atlantal Ligament
- Stretches across the ring of atlas, holding odontoid process in place - Prevents excessive anterior displacement of atlas
41
Cruciate Ligament of Atlas
- Connect C1, C2 to the occipital bone of the skull - Runs from apex of dens to the anterior margin of foramen magnum - Maintains atlantoaxial stability by securing dens in place Consists of: - Transverse ligament of atlas - Superior & inferior longitudinal bands
42
Tectorial Membrane
- Broad, strong originates from posterior vertebral body of C2, covers dens & inserts at the anterior rim of foramen magnum - Continous with PLL
43
Apical Ligament of Dens
- Connects tip of dens to anterior margin of the foramen magnum - Provides additional support to odontoid process - Help stabilise atlantoaxial joint
44
Axial Muscle
4 groups: - Muscles in head & neck that do not move the vertebral column - Muscles that move the vertebral column - Muscles of rib cage & lateral walls of abdominal & pelvic cavities - Muscles that form pelvic floor
45
Erector Spinae
- Majority of muscles of the back & primary extensor of vertebral column - Controls, flexion, lateral flexion & rotation of vertebral column & maintains lumbar curve
46
What muscles comprimise the Erector Spinae?
Illiocastalis: (laterally placed) - Illiocastalis cervicis - Illiocastalis thoracis - Illiocastalis lumborum Longissimus: (intermediatley placed) - Longissimus capitis - Longissimus cervicis - Longissimus thoracis Spinalis: (medially placed) - Spinalis capitis - Spinalis cervicis - Spinalis thoracic
47
Transversospinalis Muscles
- From TP to SP of vertebrae - Multifidus muscles of lumbar help extend and laterally flex Semispinalis Muscles: - Semispinalis capitis - Semispinalis cervicis - Semispinalis thoracis
48
Segmental Muscle Group
- Stabilisation of vertebral column - Bring together SP, TP of each consecutive vertebra. Include: - Interspinous - Intertransversarii
49
Muscles of Posterior Neck/Head
Superficial Layer: - Splenius capitis - Splenius cervicis (colli) Intermediate Layer: - Spinalis Colli - Longissimus Capitis - Longissimus Cervicis - Iliocostalis Cervicis Deep Layer: - Semispinalis Cervicis (Colli) Suboccipital Muscles: - Rectus Capitis Posterior Major & Minor - Obliques capitis superior & inferior
50
Spelnius Capitis
Origin: SP & Nuchal ligament of C3-T3 Insertion: Mastoid process, occipital bone of skull Action: - Bilateral contraction, extend the neck - Unilateral contraction rotates & laterally flexes the neck to that side
51
Splenius Cervicis (Colli)
Origin: SP T3-T6 Insertion: TP of C1-C3 Action: - Bilateral contraction, extend the neck - Unilateral contraction rotates & laterally flexes the neck to that side
52
Illiocostalis Cervicis
Origin: Angles of 3-6 ribs Insertion: TP of C4-C6 Action: - Bilateral contraction, extend the neck - Unilateral contraction rotates & laterally flexes the neck to that side
53
Longissimus Capitis
Origin: Nuchal Ligament Insertion: Mastoid Process Action: - Bilateral contraction, extend the head - Unilateral contraction rotates & laterally flexes the head to that side
54
Longissimus Colli
Origin: TP T1-T6 Insertion: Posterior tubercles of TP C2-C6 Action: - Bilateral contraction, extend the neck - Unilateral contraction laterally flexes the neck to that side
55
Spinalis Cervicis
Origin: Nuchal Ligament Insertion: SP of C2-C5 Action: - Bilateral contraction, extend the neck - Unilateral contraction laterally flexes the neck to that side
56
Semispinalis Cervicis
Origin: TP of T1-T5 or T6 Insertion: SP of C2-C5 Action: - Bilateral contraction, extend the neck - Unilateral contraction laterally flexes the neck to that side
57
Rectus Capitis Posterior Major
Origin: SP of C2 Insertion: Inferior Nuchal Line of Occipital Bone Action: - Bilateral contraction, extend the head - Unilateral contraction rotates the head to that side
58
Rectus Capitis Posterior Minor
Origin: Posterior arch C1 Insertion: Inferior nuchal line of Occipital Bone & adjacent area Action: - Extends head
59
Obliquus Capitis Superior
Origin: TP of C1 Insertion: Posterior of occipitial bone Action: - Laterally flexes and extends
60
Obliquus Capitis Inferior
Origin: SP of C2 Insertion: TP of C1 Action: - Rotates head
61
Lateral Mucles - Cervical Region
- Scalene Anterior, Middle & Posterior - Sternocleidomastoid
62
Scalenes
- Work together to flex, laterally flex & rotate the head
63
Anterior Muscles - Cervical
- Longus Capitis - Longus Colli - Rectus Capitis Anterior - Rectus Capitis Lateralis
64
Longus Capitis
Origin: TP C3-C6 Insertion: Basilar portion of occipital bone Action: - Together 2 sides flex neck - Alone each roates head to that side
65
Longus Colli
Origin: Anterior surfaces of C3-T3 Insertion: Anterior Aspects of C1-C6 Action: - Flexes or rotates the neck
66
Rectus Capitis Anterior
Origin: Anterior surface of lateral mass at C1 Insertion: Basilar part of occipital bone, anterior to foramen magnum Action: - Flexion of head at the atlanto-occipital joint
67
Rectus Capitis Lateralis
Origin: Superior surface of Tp at C1 Insertion: Jugular Process of TP at C1 Action: - Stabilise atlanto-occipital joint - Assist in lateral flexion of head

Anatomy 1 - Axial (9 decks)

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