Alkaloids Flashcards
10 pages (305 cards)
1
Q
Organic nitrogenous compounds with varied pharmacologic actions
A
ALKALOIDS
2
Q
Only liquid alkaloids (CNSA)
A
Coniine, Nicotine, Sparteine, Arecoline
3
Q
Characteristics of Alkaloids
A
Basic pH, bitter taste; usually crystalline or amorphous
4
Q
t/f Majority of the activities of plants is due to alkaloids
A
true
5
Q
t/f To be a true alkaloid, it should be derived from amino acids.
A
true
6
Q
Secondary amine: R2NH
A
ephedrine
7
Q
Primary amine: RNH2
A
Mescaline
8
Q
Alkaloids are generally white solid substance except _____________ (yellow) & ________________ (colorless, yields red salts)
A
berberine (yellow)
sanguinarine (colorless, yields red salts)
9
Q
known as blood root, used by Indians
to color their faces. Colorless when its still in the plant, but when cut and exposed to oxygen, it becomes red.
A
Sanguinaria
10
Q
Rich in berberine which undergoes extraction then evaporation, its extract will turn to brownish-yellow.
A
Makabuhay
11
Q
Tertiary amine: R3N
A
atropine
12
Q
Alkaloids derived from Lysine
A
Connine, Lobeline
13
Q
Alkaloids derived from L-tryptophan
A
Strychnine, LSD
14
Q
Quaternary amine
A
tubocurarine
15
Q
Alkaloids derived from L-tyrosine
A
Morphine, Papaverine
16
Q
Alkaloids derived from Ornithine Aspartate
A
Nicotine
17
Q
Alkaloids derived from Ornithine
A
Cocaine, atropine, hyoscyamine, scopolamine
18
Q
Alkaloids derived from Tyrosine
A
Morphine, Berberine, hydrastine, emetine, sanguinarine, opium alkaloids
19
Q
Alkaloids derived from Tryptophane
A
Quinine
20
Q
Alkaloids derived from Purine (Aspartate, Glycine, Glutamine)
A
Caffeine, Theobromine, theophylline
21
Q
Remedy for alkaloid’s insolubility in water, soluble in organic solvents (fat soluble)
A
Convert them into salts to be soluble in water
22
Q
Known as free alkaloids
A
ALKALOIDAL BASE
23
Q
t/f Alkaloids are soluble in ether, chloroform, and other non-polar solvents <isolation></isolation>
A
true
24
Q
freely soluble in water
A
ALKALOIDAL SALTS
25
Alkaloidal base (Free alkaloids) + inorganic acid
Alkaloidal salts
26
Alkaloidal salts + inorganic base
Alkaloidal base (Free alkaloids)
27
narcotine without narcotic effect
anarcotine
28
narcotine (1803)
Derosne
29
most important opium alkaloid
Morphine
30
Serturner
morphine
31
Pelletier and Caventou
BESPQCCC
brucine, emetine, strychnine, piperine, quinine, caffeine, colchicine, coniine
32
coniine
Schiff
33
first alkaloid with established structure
coniine
34
t/f True alkaloids are rare occurrence in other organisms
true
35
lysergic acid derivatives and sulfurcontaining alkaloids are best known in ?
fungi
36
t/f alkaloids are present in amphibians (many are antimicrobial)
true
37
Pteridophytes
Ephedra, Taxus
38
plant with Paclitaxel as chemotherapeutic agen
taxus
39
ephedra
source of Ephedrine
40
It is onsidered the heart of universal antidote because its mechanism is by precipitation. It inhibits further absorption of alkaloid in the stomach.
Tannic acid
41
Rgt: Potassium mercuric iodide
(+) result: Cream/yellowish ppt
Mayer's rgt
42
Rgt: Potassium bismuth iodide
(+) result: Orange ppt
Dragendroff's rgt
43
Rgt: Iodine in potassium iodide
(+) result: Reddish brown ppt
Wagner's rgt
44
Rgt: Cadmium in potassium iodide
(+) result: Cream/yellowish ppt
Marme's rgt
45
Rgt: Mercuric iodide
(+) result: White ppt
Valser's rgt
46
Rgt: Phosphotungstic acid
(+) result: Reddish brown ppt
Scheibler's rgt
47
Rgt: Phosphomolybdic acid
(+) result: Amorphous yellow white ppt
Sonnenchein's rgt
48
Mahogany red
Picric acid
49
Buff color ppt
Tannic acid
50
Ppt
Gold salt test
51
Marquis: Marquis rgt, (+) blue
Codeine
52
Hasseman: Ferric Chloride, (+) Blood red
Codeine
53
Codeine Tests
Marquis, Hasseman
54
Atropine Test
Vitali, Gulielmo, Gerard's
55
__________: Nitric acid, (+) gray ppt
Vitali
56
Gulielmo: Sulfuric acid, (+) ___________
Red with flower odor
57
___________: Ethanol, mercuric chloride, (+) yellow
Gerard's
58
(+) Fine blue fluorescence, then green ppt with ammonia
Thalleoquin test for Quinine
59
Strychnine Test
Mandelin tets
60
Mandelin: Mandelin rgt, (+) violet
Strychnine
61
(+) purple color
(+) pink on paper chrom
Murexide test for Caffeine
62
emits a different color under UV (e.g., chlorophyll)
Fluorescence
63
substance emit color/light in the absence of light (glow in the dark)
Phosphorescence
64
t/f Almost all compounds considered to be alkaloids have their nitrogen atoms enclosed within a ring system
true. these are called TRUE alkaloids
65
not derived from AA and are sometimes called pseudoalkaloids
Heterocyclic "alkaloids"
66
protoalkaloids
do not have nitrogenous alkaloids (ex. ephedrine)
67
Non-heterocyclic ring
protoalkaloids
68
lacks one or more properties of alkaloids in that they are feeble bases.
Non-heterocyclic ring
69
contain nitrogen in a side chain
non-heterocyclic ring / protoalkaloids
70
t/f Protoalkaloids are alkaloids due to their physiological action rather than their chemical nature
true
71
alkaloid products from shikimic acid pathway
Chorismate : CAPA
Prephenate : PALF
72
Chorismate products
Anthraquinone, Phenol, Alcohol
73
Prephenate products
Aldehyde, Lactone, Flavonoid
74
Quaternary amine + carbanion
Mannich-type condensation, which produces alkaloid
75
true alkaloids or typical alkaloids
Heterocyclic
76
Traditionally called pyridine-piperidine alkaloids
"P" ALKALOIDS
77
Pyridine - from ______
Piperidine - from _____
Pyrrolidine - from _____
Pyrrolizidine - from _____
Pyridine - from ornithine or aspartate
Piperidine - from lysine
Pyrrolidine - from ornithine or aspartate
Pyrrolizidine - from ornithine
78
Pyridine-Piperidine Alkaloids
NiCo SpaLo
Nicotine (pyri)
Coniine (piper)
Sparteine (piper)
Lobeline (piper)
79
Scientific Name: Nicotiana tabaccum
Derivative of pyrrolidone
NICOTINE
80
Use: smoking deterrent, CNS stimulant, cholinergic neurotransmitter
NICOTINE
81
t/f Nicotine is addictive, can increase tolerance
true
82
Scientific Name: Areca catechu
Constituent: arecoline
ARECA NUT / BETEL NUT / NGANGA
83
areca nut tox/ high tannin content
risk of mouth / esophageal cancer
84
Use: masticatory (betel chewing), taenicide, anthelmintic (veterinary)
ARECA NUT / BETEL NUT / NGANGA
85
anti-taenia specie (tapeworm)
Taenicide
86
Scientific Name: Lobelia inflata
Constituent: lobeline
LOBELIA / INDIAN TOBACCO
87
less addictive than nicotine
lobeline
88
Use: smoking deterrent (ingredient in tablets and lozenges), resuscitation of newborn infants
LOBELIA / INDIAN TOBACCO
89
toxic effect of Lobelia
Paralytic
90
Scientific Name: Conium maculatum
Family: Apiaceae
Constituents: Coniine
POISON HEMLOCK
91
KOH allows coniine to develop strong, mouse-like odor due for the ____________
liberation of coniine
92
Used by Greeks for preparing draught by means of which criminals were put to death
poison hemlock / coniine
93
lethal injection of the Greeks
POISON HEMLOCK
94
Chief source of atropine
DUBOISIA
95
Scientific Name: Duboisia myoporoides
Chief: source of atropine; also has hyoscyamine,
scopolamine
DUBOISIA
96
Scientific Name: Duboisia hopwoodii
Constituents: nicotine, nornicotine
Use: Used like tobacco
PITURI / AUSTRALIAN TOBACCO
97
Hepatotoxic alkaloids
PYRROLIZIDINE ALKALOIDS
98
t/f Besides hepatotoxicity, pyrrolizidine alkaloids are also carcinogenic and mutagenic
true
99
(pyrrolizidine) used to treat hypertension without extensive studies, causing people to have hepatic necrosis and problems
Comfrey
100
(pyrrolizidine) Indicine use
antitumor
101
(pyrrolizidine) has glycosidase inhibitory activity which reduce postprandial increase in blood sugar
Australine
102
hepatotoxic properties of pyrrolizidine alkaloids are from
breakdown to alkylating pyrrole esters
103
Tropic acid fragment is derived from
phenylalanine
104
bicyclo [3.2.1] structure (encircled)
Tropane
105
tropane precursors
Ornithine, putrescine, and acetate
106
Scientific Name: Atropa belladonna
Constituents: hyoscyamine, atropine
BELLADONNA / DEADLY NIGHTSHADE
107
atropine is from
racemization of hyoscyamine
108
main uses of belladonna/atropine
antidote for organophosphate poisoning, anticholinergic
109
used for pupil dilation (mydriasis) to look beautiful
Sap of belladonna
110
antidote for organophosphate and carbamate poisoning
Atropine
111
muscarinic symptoms DUMBBELLS
Diarrhea, Urination, Miosis, Bronchoconstriction, Bradycardia, Emesis, Lacrimation, Salivation
112
mechanism of atropine as antidote
antimuscarinic; reverse the muscarinic effects
113
second stage of organophosphate poisoning involves nicotinic symptoms which is reversed by
pralidoxime
114
atropine : ____________
pralidoxime : ____________
physiologic antidote, antimuscarinic
chemical antidote, antinicotinic
115
Scientific Name: Datura stramonium
Constituents: Hyoscyamine, scopolamine
Use: anticholinergic
STRAMONIUM / JIMSON WEED / JAMESTOWN WEED
116
main use of stramonium
vapor is used to relieve ASTHMA. vapor is burnt and smoke is inhaled as bronchodilator
117
Scientific Name: Hyoscyamus niger
Constituents: Hyoscyamine, scopolamine
Use: anticholinergic
HYOSCYAMUS / HENBANE
118
Scientific Name: Hyoscyamus muticus
Constituent: Hyoscyamine
Egyptian Henbane
119
Scientific Name: Datura metel and Datura fastuosa
Constituent: Rich source of scopolamine ("hyoscine")
TALUMPUNAY / THORNAPPLE
120
Buscopan (Hyoscine butylbromide) use
antispasmodic
121
Side effect: constipation (GIT muscle relaxation)
Buscopan
122
Scopolamine + Morphine
Twilight sleep (anesthesia)
123
Scopolamine for motion sickness is available as ___________ placed behind the ear
patches, trans-scop/transderm-scop
124
Talumpunay use
Use:
- Pre-anesthetic sedative depressant
- CNS depressant; anticholinergic; calming delirium
125
t/f Talumpunay is not ideal to calm delirium since it is a CNS depressant
true. poses risk of addiction
126
Scientific Name: Withania somnifera
Constituents: Tropine, pseudotropine, hygrine
Use: sedative
WITHANIA / ASHWAGANDHA
127
Ashwagandha other use
sleeping, to relax, antioxidant
128
Scientific Name: Mandragora officinarum
Constituents: Hyoscyamine, scopolamine, mandragorine
MANDRAGORA / EUROPEAN MANDRAKE
129
Mandagorine use
stimulant
130
Belladonna alkaloids are __________________
amino alcohol esters
131
Scopolamine's tropane portion is
Scopoline
132
Aromatic portion of all belladonna alkaloids are
tropic acid
133
Difference of scopoline and tropine
Scopoline - with epoxide portion
134
Belladonna alkaloids
Scopolamine, Hyoscine, Hyoscyamine, Atropine
135
(belladonna alkaloids use) henbane
asthma
136
(belladonna alkaloids use) atropine derivatives for asthma
ipratropium and tiotropium (quarternary)
137
(belladonna alkaloids use) motion sickness
hyoscine N-butylbromide
138
(belladonna alkaloids use) Hyoscine HBr
control of secretions pre-op
139
(belladonna alkaloids use) eye examinations
atropine (mydriatic)
140
(belladonna alkaloids use) Physiologic antidote for
organophosphate poisoning
141
Scientific Name: Erythroxylum coca (Huanuco coca), E. truxillense (Truxillo coca, higher % yield)
Family: Erythroxylaceae
Constituents: Cocaine
COCA
142
Divine plant of the Incas
Coca
143
Prototype of local anesthetics
Cocaine
144
t/f Cocaine has an innate vasoconstrictor effect which confines the anesthetic in that area
true
145
Brompton's cocktail
cocaine + morphine
146
Brompton's cocktail use
control severe pain in terminal cancer
147
MOA of cocaine as psychomotor stimulant and euphoric
blocks reuptake of Dopamine, with strong abuse potential
148
Results from Mannich reactions
QUINOLINE ALKALOIDS
149
quinoline reaction in its beta-position gives
indolenine
150
Quinolines causing extensive liver damage in animals using plants containing them as fodder
Quinolizidines
151
Cinchona succirubra
Red cinchona
152
C. calisaya
Yellow cinchona, Calisaya bark
153
cinchona / peruvian bark constituents
quinine : _____________
quinidine : ______________
quinine : ANTIMALARIAL
quinidine : ANTIARRYTHMIC
154
overdose of quinine/quinidine, resulting to loss of hearing, ringing in the ears, impaired sight
cinchonism
155
Thalleoquine test is for ___________ which yields a (+) emerald green
Quinine and quinidine
156
commercial source of quinidine
Cuprea bark (Remijia pedunculata)
157
contains ditamine; antimalarial
Dita/ Australian quinine bark (Alstonia scholaris)
158
quinine antimalarial MOA
prevents conversion of heme (toxic) to hemozoin (nontoxic) to induce death of Plasmodium
159
for prophylaxis of cardiac arrhythmias and treatment of AFib
Quinidine
160
malaria pigment
Haemozoin
161
Scientific name: Camptotheca acuminata
Family: Nyssaceae
Constituent: camptothecin (CPT)
HAPPY TREE
162
happy tree constituent
camptothecin (CPT)
163
Acts as topoisomerase inhibitors especially in malignant cells
camptothecin (CPT)
164
topoisomerase in tumor cells effect
Inhibit topoisomerase = inhibit DNA replication in tumors
165
used for treatment of several types of cancer such as colon and lung cancer
Irinotecan, Topotecan (Camptothecin derivatives)
166
class of Isoquinoline alkaloids
Benzylisoquinoline & Tetrahydroisoquinoline
167
special class of isoquinoline; ex. Ipecac
Tetrahydroisoquinoline
168
t/f Benzyl and Tetrahydroisoquinolines are both originated from tyrosine
true. both are derived from Dopamine, which originated from Tyrosine
169
Scientific Name: rhizome and root of Cephaelis ipecacuanha (Rio/Brazilian)
Constituents: Cephaeline, emetine (methylcephaeline), psychotrine
IPECAC
170
used in poison antidote kits, local emetic (irritant in GI)
IPECAC
171
10% opium + ipecac; diaphoretic
Dover's powder
172
antiprotozoan, antiamebic (IM, SC)
Emetine HCl
173
Emetine HCl MOA
Blocks protein synthesis.
Given when patient is unresponsive to metronidazole
174
Scientific Name: Hydrastis canadensis
Constituents: Hydrastine, berberine, canadine
Use: Astringent in inflammation of mucous membranes
GOLDENSEAL / HYDRASTIS
175
Scientific Name: Sanguinaria canadensis
Family: Papaveraceae
Constituents: Sanguinarine, chelerythrine, protopine
BLOOD ROOT / SANGUINARIA
176
constituent of Sanguinaria which forms red salts
Sanguinarine
177
t/f Blood root is used by Indians to clean faces, emetic, stimulant
false. used to STAIN faces
178
Scientific Name: Strychnos castelnaei
Family: dried Loganiaceae
Constituent: Tubocurarine
SOUTH AMERICAN ARROWHEAD POISON /
TUBOCURARINE / CURARE
179
Nondepolarizing skeletal muscle relaxant without deep anesthesia
Tubocurarine
180
Tubocurarine MOA
block nerve impulses to skeletal muscles thus PARALYZING effect
181
animal test used to determine the least amount of drug capable of producing relaxation
Head drop test in rabbits
182
Chick: (+) splitting or kneeling for
skeletal muscle relaxant
183
Scientific Name: milky exudate (unripe capsule) of Papaver somniferum
Constituents: morphine
OPIUM
184
Stone of immortality
OPIUM
185
most important opium alkaloid
morphine
186
first isolated morphine from opium
Serturner
187
opium use
Use: CNS stimulant then depressant, narcotic analgesic, hypnotic
188
Contains 10% morphine and minimum 1% codeine; thebaine limited to 3.0%
Prepared Opium BP/EP
189
use of Paregoric / Camphorated opium
tincture
Antiperistaltic
190
use of Laudanum / Opium tincture /
Deodorized opium tincture
Antiperistaltic
191
use of Poppy seed / Maw seed
Used in baking
192
- Narcotic analgesic, hypnotic
- AE: nausea and vomiting, constipation
Morphine
193
most widely used opium alkaloid
Codeine / methylmorphine
194
Requirement for dispensing narcotic analgesic
S2 license, DDD form, special presciption
195
Antitussive, sedative, narcotic analgesic
Codeine / methylmorphine
196
opium alkaloid that is habit-forming
Heroin / diacetylmorphine
197
t/f Heroin has no good effect except being a narcotic analgesic
false. NO good effects talaga. Dangerous drug, hallucinogenic
198
dehydrated morphine
Apomorphine
199
central emetic for poisonings that stimulate CTZ (vomiting reflex)
Apomorphine
200
smooth muscle relaxant, antitussive
Papaverine
201
powerful narcotic analgesic, strong respiratory depressant
Hydromorphone
202
t/f Hydromorphone, hydrocodone, morphine, and codeine has the same
effect.
false. hydromorphone and hydrocodone have extreme adverse effects, thus not widely used
203
anarcotic antitussive
Noscapine / narcotine
204
antidiarrheal
Diphenoxylate, Loperamide
205
anesthetic
Meperidine, Fentanyl
206
detected by formation of deep red color on addition of ferric chloride
Meconic acid
207
Chemotaxonomic marker for Papaveraceae which is long used to indicate opium
Meconic acid
208
gives rise to narcotine and narceine (opium), canadine, berberine and hydrastine (Hydrastis), and sinomenine (Sinomenium)
Reticuline
209
Test for Opium
Solubility of morphine in NaOH is explained by its phenolic nature
210
alkaloid derived from tryptophan
indole alkaloid
211
indole alkaloid by convention, but classified as a carbamate
physostigmine
212
hallucinogenic indole derivatives
amanitins, reserpine, strychnine, Mitragyna alkaloid
213
Scientific Name: root of Rauvolfia serpentina
Family: Apocynaceae
Constituents: Reserpine
RAUWOLFIA / INDIAN SNAKEROOT
214
MOA of reserpine
depletion of NE by inhibiting storage in postganglionic adrenergic endings
215
Rauwolfia/reserpine
Hypotensive (antihypertensive), sedative, tranquilizer, psychotherapeutic effect (not in the market anymore)
216
Scientific Name: Catharanthus roseus
Constituents: vincristine, vinblastine
Use: Antineoplastic, oncolytic
PERIWINKLE / CHICHIRICA / VINCA / CATHARANTUS
217
Periwinkle MOA as antineoplastic
arrest cell division at metaphase, antimitotic; where sister chromatids align at equatorial plate
218
Scientific Name: ripe seed Strychnos nux vomica
Constituents: Strychnine, Brucine
NUX VOMICA / KATBALOGAN
219
nux vomica consti as alcohol denaturant
Brucine
220
nux vomica consti as central stimulant
Strychnine
221
t/f Strychnine may result to tonic convulsions since it blocks inhibitory spinal impulses
true
222
Commercial source of strychnine (vermin killer) and brucine
Ignatia / Ignatius beans (Strychnos ignatii)
223
Scientific Name: Physostigma venenosum
Constituents: Physostigmine (aka eserine)
CALABAR BEAN / ORDEAL BEAN
224
calabar bean use
- treatment of glaucoma, myasthenia gravis
- antidote to anticholinergic poisoning
225
Scientific Name: Dried sclerotium of fungus Claviceps purpurea developed on rye bread Secale cereale (parasitic method)
ERGOT / RYE ERGOT / SECALE CORNUTUM / SPURRED RYE
226
disease on rye plant
Ergot or spurred rye
227
rye flour causes ______ when consumed
ergotism
228
Ergotism which is St. Anthony's Fire
Gangrenous
229
Most common form of ergotism
Gangrenous
230
Ergotism that is associated with vitamin A deficiency
Convulsive
231
Derivative of lysergic acid
ergot
232
from tryptophan and mevalonate
Ergoline
233
mixture of ergocristine, ergocornine, and ergocryptine
Ergotoxine
234
oxytocic, uterine stimulant
Ergonovine / ergometrine
235
oxytocic (Methergine)
Methylergonovine
236
used as specific analgesic for
migraine
ergotamine. sometimes dihydroergotamine
237
water insoluble mixture of ergocristine, ergocornine, and ergocryptine
Ergotoxine
238
serotonin antagonist, prophylaxis for migraine
Methysergide maleate
239
most active and specific psychotomimetic by A. Hoffman
Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD)
240
Hallucinogenic, has lysergic acid amide (ergine) which is related to Ergot
Ololiuqui
241
Derived from histidine
Imidazole alkaloid
242
only imidazole alkaloid
Jaborandi
243
Scientific Name: Leaflets of Pilocarpus jaborandi
Family: Rutaceae
Constituents: Pilocarpine
Use: muscarinic agonist o treatment of glaucoma
JABORANDI
244
From mevalonic acid pathway
steroidal alkaloids
245
Solanum alkaloids, veratrum alkaloids (SV)
C27
246
Apocynaceae, Buxaceae
C21
247
Jerveratrum alkaloids
contain 1-3 oxygens
Jervine, pseudojervine, veratrosine
248
Cerveratrum
contain 7-9 oxygens
Germine, protoverine, veracevine
249
Veratrum viride
Germidine and germitrine
Hypotensive
Cardiac depressant
Used as insecticide
American/Green Hellebore
250
Veratrum album
Proveratrine A and B
Hypotensive
Used as insecticide
European/White Hellebore
251
t/f Hellebore are only used as insecticide now because they are too toxic.
true
252
known as protoalkaloids
ALKALOIDAL AMINES
253
not have a nitrogen as part of their heterocyclic ring system, but are derived from amino acids
protoalkaloids
254
t/f alkaloidal amines are derived from tryptophan
false. phenylalanine (nonpolar amino acid)
255
Scientific Name: Ephedra sinica
Constituents: Ephedrine
Use: Combat hypotensive states, nasal congestion, asthma, allergic conditions
MA HUANG / EPHEDRA
256
t/f Ma Huang/Ephedrine caused hemorrhagic stroke in female patients
true. this led to reformulation of nasal decongestants
257
used in nasal decongestants instead of epinephrine
phenylephrine
258
Scientific Name: Colchicum autumnale
Constituents: Colchicine
AUTUMN CROCUS / COLCHICUM
259
colchicine use as antitubulin
first-line treatment for acute gout
260
used for doubling of chromosomes (polyploidy) as positive control in antimitotic studies
colchicum / colchicine
261
Scientific Name: Catha edulis
Constituents: Cathinone
Use: Indirect adrenergic (amphetamine-like effect)
KHAT / ABYSSINIAN TEA
262
this constituent of Khat/Abyssinian Tea alleviates hunger and fatigue
Cathinone
263
First psychotomimetic, hallucinogen, euphoric
Mescaline
264
Scientific Name: Lophophora williamsii (cactus)
Constituents: Mescaline
PEYOTE/ MESCAL BUTTONS
265
known as pseudoalkaloids (heterocyclic, not from amino acid)
PURINE BASES/ XANTHINES
266
potent bronchodilatory and stimulant molecules (due to increased cAMP via PDE inhibition)
Methylxanthines
267
Qualitative identification for Purine/Xanthines
Murexide test (+) pink
268
central stimulant, diuretic, and content of
several carbonated beverages
Caffeine
269
Alkaloid which does not react with, or form precipitate with alkaloidal reagents
Caffeine
270
widely used a bronchodilator in asthma
Theophylline
271
preferred over caffeine in cases of cardiac edema and angina
Theobromine
272
1,3,7-trimethylxanthine
Caffeine
273
1,3-dimethylxanthine
Theophylline
274
3,7-dimethylxanthine
Theobromine
275
Scientific Name: Dried cotyledons of Cola nitida
Constituents: Caffeine (central stimulant)
Use: For manufacture of non-alcoholic beverages
COLA / KOLA NUTS
276
Caffeine source in Coca Cola
COLA / KOLA NUTS
277
Scientific Name: Coffea arabica
Constituents: Caffeine
COFFEE BEAN
278
Decaffeinized coffee has only up to ________-% caffeine
0.08% caffeine
279
aroma of coffee bean is due to
caffeol
280
Scientific Name: paste from crushed seeds of Paullinia cupana
Constituents: Caffeine
Use: Stimulant, astringent
GUARANA
281
Guarana caffeine content is ______ as much as that found in coffee seeds
twice
282
Guarana/caffeine may cause ________ when taken with empty stomach
ulceration. caffeine stimulate HCl release
283
Scientific Name: leaves of Ilex paraguariensis
Constituents: Caffeine
Use: Laxative, purgative, diaphoretic, diuretic
MATE / PARAGUAY TEA
284
Scientific Name: leaves of Camelia sinensis
Constituents: Caffeine, theobromine, theophylline
TEA / THEA
285
relief of asthma; reversible spasm in emphysema and bronchitis
Theophylline
286
theophylline effective and toxic dose
effective: 10mg
toxic: 20mg
287
synthetic derivative of theophylline which is more preferred
aminophylline
288
Scientific Name: seeds of Theobroma cacao
Constituents: Theobromine
Use: diuretic, smooth muscle relaxant;
COCOA / CACAO
289
preferred over caffeine in treatment of cardiac edema and angina
Theobromine
290
t/f Theobroma as suppository base
true
291
AMARYLLIDACEAE ALKALOIDS are represented by
galantamine
292
AMARYLLIDACEAE ALKALOIDS are from which AA
phenylalanine and tyramine
293
Scientific Name: Galanthus woronowii
Constituents: Galantamine
Use: Cholinesterase inhibito
CAUCASIAN SNOWDROP
294
Extensively used in 1950s as curare reversal agent
Galantamine
295
TERPENOIDAL ALKALOID
Aconitine
296
Scientific Name: Aconitum napellus
Family: Ranunculaceae
Constituents: Aconitine
MONKSHOOD
297
induce cholinergic excess (nausea, diarrhea, hypotension, etc.
Aconitine
298
Cardiotonic properties of monkshood is due to _____________, which is active about same level as Digitalis
Higenamine
299
Formerly used as antineuralgic liniment
Aconitine
300
This substance is chemically known as methylmorphine
Codeine
301
Antidote for organophosphate poisoning
Atropine (physiologic),
Pralidoxime (2-PAM; chemical)
302
A skeletal muscle relaxant without deep anesthesia
Tubocurarine
303
A resin skeletal muscle relaxant
Kava-kava
304
The following are isoquinoline alkaloid except
Ipecac
Sanguinaria
Opium
Catharanthus
Catharanthus (Indole)
305
An alkaloidal amine which is used as antimitotic agent
Colchicine
