Carbohydrates and Related Compounds Flashcards
(291 cards)
1
Q
- polyhydroxy alcohols (either aldehyde or ketone)
- hydrates of carbon
- general formula: Cn(H2O)n
A
Carbohydrates
2
Q
t/f: carbohydrates are the first products of cellular respiration
A
false. of PHOTOSYNTHESIS
3
Q
simple sugars; have 1 sugar unit; cannot be further hydrolyzed
A
monosaccharides
4
Q
Simplest synthetic sugar
A
Hydroxyacetaldehyde
5
Q
Simplest natural aldose
A
Glyceraldehyde
6
Q
Simplest natural ketose
A
Dihydroxyacetone
7
Q
t/f: glyceraldehyde and dihydroxyacetone are both seen in glycolysis
A
true
8
Q
favored/dominant (more active) fischer projection of carbohydrates
A
D-glucose
9
Q
(cyclic config)
__________ : 6 membered ring
__________ : 5 membered ring
A
pyranose
furanose
10
Q
configuration spotted by finding a carbon with two oxygens (basing from its position if up or down)
A
anomeric carbon / anomer
11
Q
number of isomers: 2^n where n is the number of ?
(ex. glucose has 4 chiral carbons, thus glucose has 16 isomers)
A
chiral carbons
12
Q
(recall)
isomer that differ in 2/more chiral carbon (e.g., arabinose and xylose (C2, C3))
A
diastereomer
13
Q
(recall)
isomer that differ in only 1 chiral carbon, e.g., arabinose and ribose (C2), glucose and mannose (C2)
A
epimer
14
Q
(recall)
isomer that are mirror images; all chiral carbons are switched, e.g., rhamnose and mannose
A
enantiomer
15
Q
glucose, fructose, galactose, xylose are examples of?
A
MONOSACCHARIDES
16
Q
- Aldohexose (CHO in C1)
- Reducing sugar as determined by BENEDICT’s Test
- Occurs as linear and cyclic
A
Glucose
17
Q
glucose is also called
A
dextrose
18
Q
blood sugar, physiologic sugar, grape sugar, corn sugar
A
glucose
19
Q
only utilizable sugar in the blood
A
glucose
20
Q
natural source of glucose
A
grapes
21
Q
source of glucose
A
enzymatic hydrolysis of starch
22
Q
glucose use: SMF
A
sweetening agent, mask unpleasant taste, flavor
23
Q
purification of glucose
______________ : rigorously purified
pharmaceutic necessity : ________________
A
parenteral
less rigorous purification
24
Q
D5W, D5NSS, D5LR
A
parenteral nutrient derived from glucose
25
parenteral glucose used in emergency room
to treat hypoglycemic patients that are unconscious, in comatose, or intoxicated with alcohol (alcoholic breath)
D50-50
26
pharmaceutic necessity glucose which is a syrupy liquid, almost colorless and taste sweet; sweetening agent
liquid glucose
27
pharmaceutic necessity glucose which is a crystalline sweetening agent
dextrose excepient
28
glucose which is an electrolyte replenisher
Calcium gluconate
29
t/f: liquid glucose is from the complete hydrolysis of lipids
false. INCOMPLETE hydrolysis of STARCH
30
glucose given in ethylene glycol poisoning (causes hypocalcemia) as supportive treatment
Calcium gluconate & gluceptate
31
glucose which is a calcium source
Calcium gluceptate
32
hematinic, glucose given for iron deficiency anemia
Ferrous gluconate
33
1. In plants, sugar is transported in the form of sucrose through the ________ (food-conducting vessel).
phloem
34
2. Water and minerals are absorbed from the roots and goes to the stem, leaves, etc. through the _________.
xylem
35
also called levulose / fruit sugar
Fructose
36
source of fructose: isomerization of glucose by ____________ through
the enzyme, _______________
Streptomyces, glucose isomerase
37
natural source of fructose
fruits and honey & hydrolysis of inulin
38
t/f: fructose in nature is in furanose form; isolated in liquid form as
pyranose
false. pyranose is in CRYSTALLINE form
39
use: food for diabetic people (cannot increase blood glucose level), for infant feeding formula
fructose
40
sweetest monosaccharide
fructose
41
Fructofuranose (natural)
Fructopyranose (____________)
crystalline
42
Identified by reducing agents like copper sulfate
reducing sugars
43
(reducing sugars)
CuSO4 + HAc
acidic medium
bArfoed
44
(reducing sugars)
CuSO4 + Na2CO3
basic medium
benedict's
45
(reducing sugars)
CuSO4
Fehling's
46
Glucose + CuSO4 to Gluconic acid + Cu2O
reducing sugar formula
47
o _______ - reducing agent
o _______ - mild oxidizing agent
o _______ - oxidation product; carboxylic acid
o _______ - reduction product; brick red ppt
Glucose
CuSO4
Gluconic acid
Cu2O
48
C4 epimer of glucose
galactose
49
source of galactose:
milk as ________
neuronal fibers as ____________
lactose
galactoceramides
50
t/f: galactose is convertible to glucose in the human body (enters glycolysis after 6 steps)
false. it is convertible to glucose BUT enter glycolysis AFTER 6 STEPS
51
disease that affects the body's ability to convert galactose to glucose
Galactosemia
52
Test for galactose + positive result
Mucic acid test (violet ring)
53
Galactose + concentrated nitric acid
galactaric acid
54
__________________ converts galactose C1 and C6 to COOH to form galactaric acid (insoluble in water)
concentrated nitric acid (strong OA)
55
natural sources: corn cobs, straws, and heartwood of deciduous trees
xylose
56
wood sugar
xylose
57
natural source from materials soaked in dilute acids to hydrolyze xylan
xylose
58
use: diagnostic aid for intestinal malabsorption (absorbed but not metabolized; eg. Crohn's, Celiac disease)
xylose
59
Composed of 2 monosaccharide units
disaccharides
60
t/f: disaccharides are formed via dehydration synthesis (forms N glycosidic bond)
false. it forms O/ETHER GLYCOSIDIC BONDS
61
Disaccharides: STM GLLC (its time, goodluck)
Sucrose (a 1,2)
Trehalose (a 1,1)
Maltose (a 1,4)
Gentobiose (a 1,6)
Lactose (b 1,4)
Lactulose (b 1,4)
Cellobiose (b 1,4)
62
Glucose + fructose
sucrose
63
also table sugar / saccharum
sucrose
64
a 1,2 glycosidic bond
sucrose
65
t/f: sucrose is a non-reducing sugar
true. it is negative on Barfoed's, Benedict's, Fehling's or Tollen's
66
natural sources of sucrose:
____________ : Saccharum officinale
____________ : Beta vulgaris
____________ : Acer saccharum
Sugar cane
Sugar beet
Sugar maple
67
Use: pharmaceutic necessity for syrups; demulcent; nutrient; preservative
sucrose
68
residual, dark colored syrup after crystallization process of sucrose
molasses
69
byproduct of table sugar production from sugar cane; "pulot"
molasses
70
t/f: sucrose, upon hydrolysis, yields a mix of glucose and fructose called invert sugar
true
71
sugar with equimolar amounts of glucose and fructose, which darkens due to fructose
invert sugar
72
t/f: invert sugar with a darker color results from a higher conc. of fructose compared to glucose (fructose > glucose)
true
73
Found in brown seaweed, widely distributed in fungi
trehalose
74
Glucose + glucose, α-1,1 glycosidic bond
trehalose
75
Produced in large quantities by the hydrolysis of starch during germination of barley
maltose
76
beer sugar / malt sugar
maltose
77
t/f: maltose is a component of soda and wine
false. component of BEER
78
source of bitterness in beer
Hops (Humulus lupulus) strobile
79
crude drug from beer which is a red brown powder
Lupulin
80
active ingredient of beer
Humulone, Lupulone
81
Glucose + glucose; α-1,4 glycosidic bond
maltose
82
sugar from fresh cow's milk (Bos taurus)
lactose
83
milk sugar
lactose
84
lactose is formed from the crystalization of _______, which is a by-product of cheese production
whey
85
Glucose + galactose; β-1,4 glycosidic bond
lactose
86
lactose use
tablet diluent
87
absence of enzyme lactase or B-galactosidase (diarrhea, GI disturbance)
Lactose intolerance
88
Lactose derivation process
Milk (stand for hours) > churning (fat globules rise)
> Butter (top)
> Buttermilk (bottom)
> Skimmed milk > treat with rennin to form coagulum (casein)
> Cheese (solid)
> Whey (liquid) > whey has LACTOSE and inorganic salts
89
letting it stand, not disturbing it
churning
90
letting fat globules rise on top
creaming
91
milk without cream, non-fat milk
skimmed milk
92
coagulating enzyme found in the stomach of mammals
renin
93
partially evaporated milk
condensed milk
94
milk evaporated with malt extract from barley (Hordeum vulgare)
malted milk
95
alcoholic beverage made from fermented mare's milk made by nomads of central Asia
Kumyss
96
Synthetic sugar from the TAUTOMERIZATION of lactose
Lactulose
97
alkaline rearrangement of a ketone to an enol
Tautomerization
98
Use: Laxative and decrease blood ammonia conc.
lactulose
99
mechanism of lactulose as laxative
- Poorly absorbed (stays in GIT); bacteria (colon) converts it to acetic acid and lactic acid
- Both acids are GI irritants, ↑ peristalsis
100
mechanism of lactulose in decreasing blood NH4 in portal-systemic encepalopathy
- Acidified stools trap ammonia as NH4+ so
↓reabsorption, ↓blood ammonia
101
constitutional isomers of organic compounds that readily interconvert in a rapid equilibrium
Tautomers
102
commonly results in the relocation of a proton relevant to the behavior of amino acids and nucleic acids
tautomerism
103
most common tautomeric relation in organic chemistry
keto-enol
104
Have 3-10 sugar units
oligosaccharides
105
oligosaccharides: MaDe GRafSta
Maltotriose
Dextrin
Gentianose
Raffinose
Stachyose
106
Glucose + glucose + glucose
Maltotriose
107
products of partial hydrolysis of starch
(amylase, glucosidase)
limiting dextrin
108
causes the browning of bread
limiting dextrins
109
limting dextrin mechanism
starch > amylase > LIMITING DEXTRINS > a-glucosidase > glucose
110
amylase degrade _____________ bonds while a-glucosidase degrades ___________ bonds
α-1,4
α-1,6
111
Inhibits conversion of limiting dextrin (not absorbed, defecated/diarrhea) to glucose (absorbed)
α-glucosidase inhibitors
112
Inhibit post-prandial (after eating) increase in glucose levels (anti-DM)
α-glucosidase inhibitors
113
examples of α-glucosidase inhibitors
Acarbose, Miglitol
114
AE of dextrins
flatulence, hepatotoxicity
115
t/f: dextrin is used as positive control
to check euglycemic property or amylase and α-glucosidase inhibitory activity
true
116
Glucose + glucose + fructose OR Sucrose + glucose
gentianose (from Gentiana spp)
117
The following sugars have fructose in its structure except:
- Sucrose
- Raffinose
- Lactose
- Stachyose
Lactose
118
Glucose + galactose + fructose
Raffinose
119
t/f: raffinose is obtained in many seeds an stems, such as cottonseed
false. from SEEDS ONLY
120
glucose + galactose + galactose + fructose
Stachyose (from Stachys japonica)
121
carbohydrates with more than 10 sugar units
polysaccharides
122
polysaccharide storage in plants and animals
starch - plants
glycogen - animals
123
polysaccharide for structure
chitin, cellulose
124
polysaccharides made up of one type of sugar only
homoglycans / homopolysaccharides
125
Temporary storage form of photosynthetic products in plants
starch (glucosan)
126
linear polysaccharide , a-1,4
amylose
127
Branching (every 25-30) polysaccharide, a-1,4 and a-1,6
amylopectin
128
Paste-forming property of starch, Purple in iodine test
amylopectin
129
deep blue in iodine test
amylose
130
Uses: dusting powder, tablet filler, binder, disintegrant
starch
131
t/f: starch is an antidote to Br poisoing
false. antidote to I2 poisoning
132
mechanism of starch as antidote to I2 poisoning
when iodine reagent is combined with starch solution, it forms blue iodo-starch complex through complexation or chemical antagonism
133
starch processed to rupture all or part of granules in the presence of water; used as tablet excipient
Pregelatinized starch
134
used as tablet disintegrant
Sodium starch glycolate
135
semisynthetic material used as plasma expander (6%); 90% amylopectin
hetastarch
136
t/f: hetastarch is more branched than plain starch
true. it is more branched than plain starch (75% amylopectin)
137
Enzyme in pancreatic juice (amylopsin) and saliva (ptyalin)
α-amylases
138
Remove maltose unit from non-reducing end of polysaccharides
β-amylases
139
End-product: mixture of glucose, maltose, amylopectin
α-amylases
140
End-product: nearly pure maltose
β-amylases
141
a-amylase : _______ splitting of a-1,4 links
β-amylases : _________ splitting a-1,4 bonds
random
capable of only
142
t/f: at branching points of β-amylases, there is sucrose and glucose from incomplete hydrolysis
false. At branching points: MALTOSE and DEXTRINS (incomplete hydrolysis)
143
iodine test: wine red
glycogen/glucosan
144
t/f: glycogen frequency of branching is every 10 units
true. it is branched in α-1,6
145
t/f: glycogen is less branched compared to starch
glycogen is MORE HIGHLY branched compared to starch
146
iodine test result for glucose
no reaction, light/dark brown
147
glycogenesis produce?
glycogen
148
fructosan
inulin
149
inulin use
measure renal glomerular filtration
150
Polymer of fructose (β-2,1 bonds)
inulin
151
t/f: inulin is used for evaluation of renal function
true. it is the most accurate but not used clinically anymore
152
responsible for the conversion of sucrose to dextran
dextran sucrase/transglycosylase
153
this is a glucan linked by a-(1 to 6) bonds with some branching due
to a-(1 to 3)
dextran
154
this removes the fructose and glucose units will be collected to become dextran.
Dextran sucrase
155
dextran use
plasma expander at 10%
156
dextran which is IV iron supplement
iron dextran
157
t/f: iron dextran is used when oral iron is tolerated and when patients cannot take anything orally
false. used when iron is NOT tolerated
158
Component of cell wall (responsible for its rigidity)
cellulose
159
cellulose : plant
________ : fungi and crustaceans
chitin
160
t/f: cellulose is not digested by mammalian enzyme systems, due to their lack of cellulase
true
161
t/f: Bacteria, rumen microflora or herbivorous animals also do not have cellulase
false. THEY HAVE !
162
natural source of cellulose
cotton, kapok (pillows)
163
Most abundant organic compound on earth
cellulose
164
(cellulose) bulk laxative and suspending agent
Methylcellulose
165
(cellulose) tablet binder and film coat
Ethylcellulose
166
enteric coating for tablets
Cellulose acetate phthalate
167
EC for for acid-labile drug
Cellulose acetate phthalate
168
action of nitric & sulfuric acid on cotton (cellulose)
Pyroxylin / soluble guncotton / cellulose tetranitrate
169
Pyroxylin + alcohol + ether (1:3)
collodion
170
Pyroxylin component
Cellulose + nitric acid + sulfuric acid
171
non-aqueous ethereal solution that is applied using a soft brush and covers the wound through plastic balloon consistency when dried
pyroxylin
172
Collodion + camphor (2%) + castor oil (3%)
flexible collodion
173
castor oil : plasticizer (bc of flexibility)
camphor: ____________
waterproof
174
Use: topical protectants
pyroxylin
175
homopolymer of N-acetyl- B-D-glucosamine
chitin
176
t/f: chitin is acetylated and aminated
true
177
t/f: chitin is from exoskeleton of crustacean; cell wall of fungi
true
178
rgt that differentiates natural raw cotton (not absorbed) and processed cotton (swells)
Schweitzer's reagent (ammonical copper oxide)
179
mechanism of schweishdeiwhdjt reagent
Raw cotton has cuticle outside the cotton strand. Schweitzer's reagent dissolves the cuticle and breaks it into fragments.
Absorbent cotton (processed) absorbs the reagent and swells since it doesn't have cuticles anymore. Its strands are thicker.
180
The following have glucose in its structure except:
- Trehalose
- Starch
- Inulin
- Glycogen
Inulin
181
The following are polysaccharides except:
- Trehalose
- Glycogen
- Inulin
- Starch
Trehalose
182
Made up of different types of sugar
Heteroglycans
183
t/f: heteroglycans yield more than one type of monosaccharide unit upon hydrolysis
true
184
Natural plant hydrocolloids that may be classified as anionic or non-ionic polysaccharides
gums and mucilages
185
t/f: gums and mucilages are acidic heteroglycans yielding uronic acids + pentoses upon hydrolysis
true
186
water-retaining vehicles, used as laxative agents
mucilage
187
protective agent after injury, as solidified exudates
gums
188
Mucilage (dosage form)
aqueous dispersion of gum
189
mucilage : laxative agent
gums : ___________ & ___________ agents
suspending or emulsifying agents
190
GUMS (Natural plant hydrocolloids)
Shrub and Tree Exudates
Marine Gum
Seed Gum
Microbial Gum
Plant Extract
191
Exudate from Astragalus gummifer
Tragacanth / Gum tragacanth
192
3 forms of Tragacanth
vermiform
tragacanth sort
ribbon/flake gum
193
natural injuries; wormlike, twisted into
coils
vermiform
194
natural injuries; irregular, tearlike
Tragacanth sorts
195
man-made incision; has longitudinal striations; more expensive
Ribbon/ flake gum
196
components of tragacanth
bassorin : ____________
__________ : water-soluble
bassorin : SWELLING PROPERTY
TRAGACANTHIN : water-soluble
197
best grade of tragacanth
Best grade: low tragacanthin, high bassorin
198
t/f: tragacanth is more resistant to acid hydrolysis, so it works in ↓ pH (acidic)
true. it poses less risks of dosage form problems like creaming, cracking, breaking as a suspending and emulsifying agent (6%)
199
Exudate from Acacia senega
Acacia / Gum arabic
200
complex mixture of Ca, Mg, and K salts of
Arabic acid
Arabin
201
best variety, transparent, gum is white or very pale in color
Kordofan variety of Acacia gum (in Sudan)
202
acacia use
Use: suspending agent (35%)
203
Exudate form Anogeissus latifolia
Ghatti gum / Indian gum
204
substitute for acacia (forms more viscous
dispersions)
Ghatti gum / Indian gum
205
Exudate from Sterculia urens
Karaya gum / Sterculia gum
206
Forms a discontinuous type of mucilage with a fetid/obnoxious odor
Karaya gum / Sterculia gum
207
Karaya gum / Sterculia gum use
bulk laxative, emulsifying agent, dental adhesive
208
laxative with Frangula + Karaya gum
movicol
209
From brown seaweeds (Macrocystis porifera)
Sodium alginate / algin
210
use: suspending agent, food industry (ice cream, chocolate), gastroprotectant
sodium alginate
211
Active ingredient (gastroprotectant) in Gaviscon
Na alginate + Na bicarbonate + Ca carbonat
212
From Geladium cartilagineum or Gracilaria confervoides
Agar / Japanese isinglass / gulaman
213
use of Agar
stiffening agent in preparation of culture media; thickening agent
214
component of agar
____________ : low sulfate strength; gel strength
____________ : high sulfate strength; swelling and viscosity
AGAROSE : low sulfate strength; gel strength
AGAROPECTIN : high sulfate strength; swelling and viscosity
215
____________ : plant
____________ : animals
GULAMAN : plant
GELATIN : animals
216
Hydrocolloids from red algae or seaweeds
Carrageenan / Irish moss / chondrus
217
Carageenan from Chondrus crispus
______________ from Gigartina mamillosa
Irish Moss
218
carageenan form with gelling property; translucent mixture (light can pass)
k-carrageenan and l-carrageenan
219
carageenan with non gelling property; thickener (colloidal solution)
lambda-carrageenan
220
t/f: carageenan is a natural inducer of inflammation (inflammatory agent in rat paw edema test)
true
221
t/f carageenan has 3 phases
false. two phases
phase 1 - 0-2 hours; will release pre-formed inflammatory factors like histamine
and bradykinin
phase 2 - 2-6 hours; releases late-phase
inflammatory mediators like prostaglandin.
222
alternative inducer of inflammation since carageenan is costly
formic acid
223
From red algae Furcellaria fastigiata
Danish agar / furcellaran
224
t/f: danish agar has similar property to k-carrageenan (gelatin and suspending agent)
true
225
plantago seed plant part used
powdered seed coat
226
guar gum plant part used
powderd endosperm
227
locust bean gum plant part used
powder made from flesh of mature seed pods ("flour")
228
psyllium seed / plantain seed
Plantago Seed
229
guaran
guar gum
230
St. John's Bread / Carob pulp
Locust Bean gum
231
seed gum used as: chocolate substitute; thickener and stabilizer
Locust bean gum
232
class of gums that are BULK-FORMING laxatives
Seed gums
233
microbial gums
xanthan, dextran
234
microbial gum which possesses pseudoplastic properties used in toothpaste and ointment
Xanthan
235
High MW gum prepared by the action of Xanthamonas campestris
xanthan
236
non-Newtonian flow wherein molecules break apart when stress is applied; opposite of dilatant (shear-thickening, e.g., ube jam, starch paste)
Pseudoplastic aka shear-thinning
237
Polyglucan formed from sucrose by the action of a transglucosylase enzyme system
Dextran
238
Purified carbohydrates
pectin
239
t/f pectin is found in the outer portion of the rind of the citrus fruits or from apple pomace (white portion)
false. found in INNER portion
240
t/f: pectin is the natural counterpart of activated charcoal (both adsorbent)
true
241
Kaolin + pectin which is antidiarrheal
kaopectate
242
pectin use
Use: protectant, suspending agent, antidiarrheal
243
Unripe fruit: ___________ (insoluble)
Ripe fruits: __________ pectin
Overripe fruits: _____________
Unripe fruit: PROTOPECTIN (insoluble)
Ripe fruits: SOLUBLE pectin
Overripe fruits: PECTIC ACID
244
pectin made soluble by heating with dilute acid to become soluble pectin
insoluble protopectin
245
insoluble degradation product of overripe fruits
Pectinic acid
246
Amine-containing heteroglycans with beta N-glycosidic bonds (amino attachments)
glycosaminoglycans
247
supplement for osteoarthritis (maintains elasticity of cartilage joint)
Chondroitin sulfate
248
_____________ : component of the bacterial cell wall
_____________ : component of skin
PEPTIDOGLYCAN : component of the bacterial cell wall
DERMATAN SULFATE : component of skin
249
sulfated glycosaminoglycan found especially in the cornea, cartilage, and bone which acts as cushion to mechanical shock
Keratan sulfate
250
anionic glycosaminoglycan; a component of synovial fluid, which lubricates it
Hyaluronic acid
251
Target of hyaluronidase enzyme, the spreading/diffusing factor found in snake venom, which then degrades the hyaluronic acid
Hyaluronic acid
252
t/f: hyaluronic acid is used in dermatology as anti-aging and anti-wrinkles
true
253
t/f: hyaluronic acid is used in diabetic foot
true. Hyaluronidase injection or medicinal leech bit may be used in diabetic foot (blood flow is compromised). It dissolves the hyaluronic acid in the area to facilitate blood distribution to the diabetic foot.
254
property of chitin that prevents formation of new blood vessels, especially in tumor/cancer cells
antiangiogenic
255
tested through CAM (Chorioallontoic membrane) assay using duck/chick egg
antiangiogenic
256
natural anticoagulant which works by inhibiting the action of thrombin
heparin
257
heparin
side effect : ___________
antidote : ______________
side effect : BLEEDING
antidote : PROTAMINE SULFATE
258
Aid in clotting or coagulation time
Heparin
259
formed from reduction/hydrogenation products of sugar
Sugar alcohol
260
From the reduction of mannose and isolation of manna
Mannitol
261
exudate from Fraxinus ornus, Oleaceae
manna
262
Use: diagnostic aid (glomerular filtration), osmotic diuretic
mannitol
263
t/f: not all sugars are diuretic
false. All sugars are diuretic
264
From electrolytic reduction or hydrogenation of glucose
sorbitol / d-glucitol
265
Tastes half as sweet as sucrose
sorbitol / d-glucitol
266
use of sorbitol
Use: humectant, useful in toothpastes, chewing gums, osmotic laxative, PLASTICIZER OF SOFT GEL CAPSULE
267
t/f: sorbitol is used as plasticizer of soft gel capsule due to its high water content
false. DUE TO ITS LOW WATER CONTENT since hard gel capsule has higher water content.
so soft gel cap = low
hard gel cap = high
268
polyol pathway
Glucose accumulation can lead to sorbitol excess, which depletes NADPH levels > lower antioxidant activity > possible oxidative damage to cells and microvasculature
(especially in diabetics)
269
oxidation/dehydrogenation products of sugar (eg. cherry juice, plant acids)
sugar acid
270
Aldose + mild OA (nessler's, fehling's) = ________
Aldose + moderate OA (enzyme, oxidase) = _______
Aldose + strong OA (conc. nitric acid) = ___________
Aldose + mild OA = ALDONIC ACID
Aldose + moderate OA = URONIC ACID
Aldose + strong OA = ALDARIC ACID
271
C1 becomes COOH (-onic acid)
Terminal carbon becomes COOH (-uronic acid)
First and last carbon becomes COOH (-aric acid)
ALDONIC
URONIC
ALDARIC
272
Ripe fruit of Prunus cerasus, Rosaceae
Cherry juice / Succus Cerasi
273
Contains pectin, the main cause of incompatibilities especially when added to preparations containing alcohol
Cherry juice / Succus Cerasi
274
remedy for pectin incompatibility
add 0.1% benzoic acid and leave for 1 week
275
t/f: all gums and mucilages are compatible with alcohol
false. ALL gums and mucilages are INCOMPATIBLE with alcohol
276
constituent of cherry juice
malic acid
277
Only plant acid which does not carbonize (hindi nasusunog)
malic acid
278
cherry juice use
preparation of cherry syrup (mask the taste of sour drugs)
279
Aliphatic organic acids from plants with 2 to 6 carbon atoms and 2 or 3 carboxyl groups
plant acids
280
plant acid use: acidulant in ___________ preparations; component of buffer systems
in EFFERVESCENT prep
281
Isolated by Scheele from lemon juice
Citric acid (6C)
282
t/f: Citric and tartaric acid can be used in effervescent formulation separately
true. . But if you are to formulate an effervescent tablet, you need to incorporate both, with ratio 1 citric : 2 tartaric.
283
effervescent tablet formulation errors
citric only : ___________
tartaric only : ____________
citric only : STICKY
tartaric only : CRUMBLY
284
Acidulant in infant feeding formula; from lactose
Lactic acid (3C)
285
- By-product of the wine industry; common in tomato, tamarind
- Substitute for citric acid in buffers
Tartaric acid (4C)
286
Oxidation product of ethylene glycol poisoning (forms calcium oxalate, CaC2O4 crystals)
Oxalic acid (2C)
287
Not a plant acid; used in Ant bites, volatile poison (oxidation product of methanol poisoning)
Formic acid (1C)
288
Present in onion varieties w/c make it resistant to attacks of a particular fungus (molds)
Protocatechuic acid (7C)
289
Precursor of aromatic compounds/ amino acids
Shikimic acid (7C)
290
Cofactor of collagen hydroxylases;
Aid in wound healing; cheapest antioxidant, but very unstable
Ascorbic acid (6C)
291
