Intro to PCOG Flashcards
(142 cards)
1
Q
study of drugs of biologic origin
A
pharmacognosy
2
Q
highly specialized science that deals with the biologic, biochemical and economic features of natural drugs and their constituents
A
pharmacognosy
3
Q
physiologic or pharmacological activity; botanical sources, history, distribution, collection, etc
A
biologic
4
Q
active constituent/s; biogenesis, synthesis, how the drugs are formed in the plant, pathway
A
biochemical
5
Q
collection, propagation; how the drugs are produced
A
economic
6
Q
manipulation of genes, proteins, and enzymes using biotechnology to influence the synthesis of active ingredient/constituent to lessen the toxicity and increase the percentage yield.
A
molecular pharmacognosy
7
Q
t/f: molecular pcog is only applicable for crude drugs from PLANTS since they are
the only ones with genes
A
false. applicable to PLANTS AND ANIMALS
8
Q
increase the sustainability of the origin/natural source to avoid depletion; involve proper collection and cultivation
A
ecopharmacognosy
9
Q
t/f: green chemistry is applied to ecopharmacognosy, which uses LARGE VOLUME of solvents
A
false. USING LESS SOLVENTS to reduce and minimize harmful chemicals in our environment
10
Q
study of the metabolites and its amount, formation, and presence in various stages of plant development
A
plant metabolomics
11
Q
t/f: plant metabolomics determine the proper age and best time when to collect the plant part with the highest active metabolite
A
true
12
Q
egyptian paper discovered in 1550 BC in the tomb of a mummy by GEORGE EBERS
A
papyrus ebers
13
Q
scrolls of papers with 600 -700 citations of drugs from plants or animals
A
papyrus ebers
14
Q
father of pharmacology
A
pedanios dioscorides
15
Q
t/f: 600 plants known to have medicinal properties is contained in GALEN’S CERATE
A
false. it is contained in DE MATERIA MEDICA by Dioscorides
16
Q
described method of preparing formula containing plant and animal drugs
A
claudius galen
17
Q
father of extemporaneous compounding
A
claudius galen
18
Q
standard medical preparation by galen
A
“galenicals”
19
Q
iodine tincture, simple solution, liniments, elixir, simple syrup
A
“galenicals”
20
Q
cold cream by galen
A
galen’s cerate
21
Q
COINED the term “pharmacognosy”
A
CA Seydler
22
Q
t/f: pharmakon mean “knowledge” and gnosis means “drug”
A
false. pharmakon means “drugs” and gnosis means “knowledge”
23
Q
presented the most comprehensive idea of the scope of pharmacognosy
A
fluckiger
24
Q
_____________________ is the simultaneous application of various scientific disciplines with the object of acquiring knowledge of drugs from every point of view
A
pharmacognosy by FLUCKIGER
25
first used the term "pharmacognosy"
johann adam schmidt
26
book by schmidt that describes the
study of plants and properties
lehrbuch der materia medica
27
Philippus Aureolus Theophrastus Bombastus von Hohenheim
paracelsus
28
isolated quintessence
paracelsus
29
botanical to chemical science
paracelsus
30
natural substances which have only undergone the process of collection and drying
crude drugs
31
collection, drying, and placing of solvent or menstruum
crude extract
32
t/f: crude drugs have extractives but no derivatives
false. crude drugs have extractives/derivatives w/c is the chief constituent of the drug
33
SOLVENT or liquid mixture which dissolves the chief constituents
Menstruum
34
Undissolved portion of the drug that remains after extraction; RESIDUE
Marc
35
Extract; product of extraction process
Extractive
36
Plants growing in their native regions without human intervention
Indigenous plants
37
Makabuhay (Tinospora rumphii, Menispermaceae) is only found in __________ countries with similar climate, humidity, temperature
Asian
38
Grow in a foreign land other than their native homes
Naturalized
39
Native, restricted to a certain place
Endemic
40
Found in a specified region and not seen in others, e.g., pili nuts (Bicol), waling-waling (Davao), tamaraw (Mindoro)
Endemic
41
[prep crude drug]
- Gathering of sample from the WILD
collection
42
[prep crude drug]
- Gathering of CULTIVATED sample for experiment
harvesting
43
t/f: harvesting may be by hand or by mechanical means (digitalis)
true
44
t/f: harvested crude drug is better than collected ones because it has one source and controlled environment (soil, pH, pesticide level, heavy metal content)
true
45
[prep crude drug] Removal of moisture to protect from microbial damage (inactivate enzymes); fixes the constituents, facilitate comminution, reduce bulk
Drying
46
t/f: drying crude drug can be by oven drying or air drying
true
47
special method of drying; enhance active
principles (wine); inactivate toxic principles
Curing
48
Cascara sagrada (Rhamnus purshiana) bark curing with ______________________ for a year
magnesium oxide (MgO)
49
[prep crude drug] FINAL STEP IN PREPARATION OF CRUDE DRUG
Garbling
50
[prep crude drug] Physical or mechanical removal of extraneous matter (soil, dirt, plant parts)
Garbling
51
collect only the needed/target parts during
collection/harvesting (first step)
direct garbling
52
stem, leaf, bark; for shrubs, trees, perennial plants
direct garbling
53
for herbs, annual plants
indirect garbling
54
final step in preparing crude drugs; removal of extraneous matter is done after drying
indirect garbling
55
[prep crude drug]Optional step; for protection from environmental conditions; & for marketability
Packaging, Storing, and Preservation
56
[Packaging, Storing, and Preservation]
Simplest method
exposure to 65°C
57
[Packaging, Storing, and Preservation]
Fumigation with __________
methyl bromide
58
powdered stem, leaves, other dry forms
crude drug
59
self-preserving, liquid
extract
60
no solvent, not self-preserving, add CCl4/chloroform, refrigerate
crude extract
61
[type of crude extract] plastic consistency
pilular
62
[type of crude extract] semiliquid, around 20 mL of solvent is retained
syrupy
63
[type of crude extract] usually carbohydrate-rich, e.g., ube, cassava, arrowroot, potato
powdered
64
Submerge the solute in the menstruum (suitable solvent) for 48-72 hours
maceration
65
maceration undergoes ____________ evaporation
spontaneous
66
Apply gentle heat less than 50°C
Digestion
67
Digestion uses _________________ so that heating for volatile or flammable solvents like petroleum ether, hexane) will be controlled
gentle heat
68
Hot or cold water is passed through the solute like tea
Infusion
69
t/f: infusion has no direct heating (flame/hot plate), not boiled
false
70
Boiling in water for 15 minutes
Decoction
71
t/f: decoction is for aqueous extracts which are not self-preserving
true
72
_______________ (freeze drying) to serve sample
lyophilize
73
uses a column (percolator) or conical equipment to allow slow and intimate extraction using filtration and the force of gravity
percolation
74
uses the downward movement of menstruum/solvent through the solute; gradual saturation of powder with solvent
percolation
75
t/f: percolation is the preferred means of extraction
true
76
Used in Simple Syrup, USP
percolation
77
Identify the drug and determine its quality (intrinsic value of drug) and purity
evaluation of drugs
78
macroscopic evaluation by means of the senses/organs
organoleptic
79
identification of pure, powdered drug
microscopic
80
use of living organisms to determine pharmacologic activity of drug
biologic
81
starch microscopic shapes
Arrowroot - Concentric circles, flying bird
Cassava - Dumbbell shape
Corn - Broken glass, star-like shape
Potato - Concentric circles, ovoid or pearshaped
Rice - Cell clumping, grape-like
Wheat - Single, large cells
82
[biologic, animal:drug tested]
Cats
Glucagon, Atropine
83
[biologic, animal:drug tested]
Oxytocin
Chicken
84
[biologic, animal:drug tested]
Dogs
Glucagon, Parathyroid hormone (PTH)
85
[biologic, animal:drug tested] Heparin, Protamine sulfate
Sheep
86
[biologic, animal:drug tested] Pigeon
Digitalis, Digoxin
87
[biologic, animal:drug tested] Insulin, Tubocurarine
Rabbits
88
[biologic, animal:drug tested] Rats
Corticotropin
89
[biologic, animal:drug tested] Gonadotropin
Rats female
90
[biologic, animal:drug tested] Vasopressin
Rats male
91
[biologic, animal:drug tested] COD liver oil
Rats rachitic (GMO, rickets)
92
mechanism of glucagon/atropine in cats:
glucagon > inc. CAMP > inc. Epinephrine (sympathetic) > _____________
mydriasis
93
contraction of radial muscle of the eye
mydriasis (pupil dilates)
94
contraction of the ciliary body
miosis (pupil constricts)
95
best method of determining the official potency
chemical (assay)
96
t/f: chemical evaluation of drugs include titrimetric and other qualitative (color reactions) or quantitative (LCMS) analyses
true
97
test for tannins, white ppt
gelatin test
98
tlc is also a qualitative test. ________ chromatography for volatile active ingredients like volatile oils
gas
99
- involves the assay of active constituents using chemicals and
- biosynthetic pathways involved in drug formation
chemical
100
application of physical constants to active principles of drugs
physical
101
t/f: when plants undergo physical evaluation, there is a specified range/number that must be met to confirm the identity of the substance
true, otherwise if it does not meet the specified range, its adulterated
102
drugs are grouped according to the PART USED
morphology
103
Considers PHYLOGENY (the natural relationship existing among plants & animals)
taxonomic / zoologic / botanic
104
natural relationship existing among plants & animals used in taxonomic classification
phylogeny
105
drugs grouped based on ACTIVITY & how they are employed MEDICINALLY
pharmacologic / therapeutic
106
give the therapeutic classification
__________ : Senna, Tamarind, Papaya
___________ : Garlic, Rauwolfia
Laxative
Hypertension
107
based on the ACTIVE CONSTITUENTS that are present
(ex. digitalis - digitoxin, papaya - papain, atropine - alkaloids)
chemical classification
108
preferred method for study in pcog (class of drug)
chemical
109
Mixture of substance
constituents
110
Isolated constituents that is either pharmacologically active or pharmaceutically active
active constituents
111
t/f: active constituents are primary metabolites
false. they are SECONDARY METABOLITES
112
metabolite for growth, structure,
function, and reproduction
primary metabolite
113
chemical entities in crude drugs responsible for therapeutic properties
secondary metabolite
114
process of producing secondary metabolite used as during is also known as
drug biosynthesis / biogenesis
115
biogenesis is influenced by 3 factors,
1. ontogeny / stage of development
2. environment
3. heredity
116
[biogenesis] Genes, heredity (genus, species, variety)
Heredity
117
[biogenesis] Soil conditions, pH, climate, altitude, etc.
Environment
118
[biogenesis] Concentration of drug increases with the age of the plant (Metabolomics)
Ontogeny
119
[biogenesis] Plant growth and development, the nature and quantity of metabolites are affected by temperature, rainfall, length of day, altitude, soil conditions
Ontogeny
120
t/f: in ontogeny, the identity of the constituent also vary according to the stage of development
true
121
(ontogeny of cannabis) isolated when the plant is still YOUNG; rope; doesn't cause euphoria
cannabiDIOL / CBD
122
(ontogeny of cannabis) isolated when the plant MATUREs; cause dependency, hallucination, euphoria
cannabiNOL / THC
123
Debasement of an article
Adulteration
124
Any substandard drug or article regardless of cause
Inferiority
125
Substandard drug, in which quality has been impaired by action of BACTERIA or FUNGI, rendering it UNFIT for human CONSUMPTION
Spoilage
126
Destruction of active constituents due to AGING or BACTERIA
Deterioration
127
t/f: deteriorated articles may or may not be consumed (e.g., less amount of active
ingredient after days of storage)
true.
128
UNINTENTIONAL addition of article to another
Admixture
129
Intentional; true adulteration where only a PART is replaced
Sophistication
130
Intentional; worst kind of adulteration where there is TOTAL replacement of what is required
Substitution
131
Sophistication: 70% API + 30% Adulterant
Substituition: __% API + __% Adulterant
0% API + 100% Adulterant (Total Replacement)
132
10 PH Medicinal Plants by DOH
BABYPLANTS
133
Antihypertensive
Bawang (Allium sativum)
134
Anti-diabetes mellitus supplement
Ampalaya (Momordic charantia)
135
Astringent
Bayabas (Psidium guajava)
136
Analgesic, antipyretic
Yerba Buena (Mentha cordifolia)
137
Pansit-pansitan (Peperomia pellucida)
Anti-gout
138
Lagundi (Vitex negundo)
Cough preparation
139
Akapulko (Cassia alata)
Antifungal
140
Anthelminthic
Niyog-niyogan (Quisqualis indica)
141
Tsaang-gubat (Carmona retusa)
Stomachic
142
Sambong (Blumera balsamifera)
Diuretic, antiurolithiasis
