Volatile Oils Flashcards
7 pages (210 cards)
1
Q
odoriferous principles in plants
A
VOLATILE OILS
2
Q
function of volatile oils
A
insect repellants & attractant
3
Q
Other name of Volatile Oil
a. Ethereal oil
b. Essential oil
c. Essences
d. Olea aetherea
e. AOTA
A
AOTA
4
Q
used to repel mosquitos
A
Citronella & Eucalyptus
5
Q
insect repellant to cockroach
A
Pandan
6
Q
Drying agent to purify essential oils
A
Anhydrous calcium sulfate
7
Q
Principal component of essential oils
A
terpenes
8
Q
Rutaceae (citruses) & Pinaceae (pines) VO location
A
Schizogenous/lysigenous
9
Q
Apiaceae/ Umbelliferae (celery family) VO location
A
Oil tubes called vittae
10
Q
Piperaceae (peppers) VO location
A
Modified parenchyma cells
11
Q
Lamiaceae/ Labiatae (mints) VO location
A
Glandular trichomes
12
Q
Rose (and many others) VO location
A
Petals
13
Q
Cinnamon VO location
A
Bark
14
Q
t/f VO has nutritive value
A
false. only fixed oils ang meron
15
Q
fixed oil : rancidify
volatile oil : ____________
A
resinify
16
Q
t/f can be distilled from natural sources
A
true
17
Q
t/f Terpenes came from Mevalonate pathway, thus are aromatic
A
false. Terpenes are acyclic/straight-chain or cyclic but NOT aromatic.
18
Q
Pathway where aromatic volatile oil came from
A
from phenylpropanoid from the Cinnamic acid in the Shikimic acid pathway
19
Q
t/f Tetraterpenes are pigments which are not classified as VO
A
true
20
Q
t/f there are many methods of obtaining VO. but for oils that cannot be heated, EXPRESSION is used for them
A
true
21
Q
Equipment: Clavenger Apparatus (small scale)
A
DISTILLATION
22
Q
Distillation principle
A
Difference in boiling points
23
Q
Cohobation
A
Distillation
24
Q
__________ repeated distillation in a such a way that the volatile oils will be purified
A
Cohobation
25
t/f Better volatile oil product if repeated distillation is used
true
26
distillation applied to dried plant material not injured by boiling
WATER DISTILLATION
27
water distillation example
turpentine - from pine tree
28
distillation applied to dried and fresh materials that may be injured by heat
WATER AND STEAM DISTILLATION
29
Ex. Cinnamon, Clove
WATER AND STEAM DISTILLATION
30
distillation where steam passed through the macerated mixture
Indirect water and steam distillation
31
distillation applied to fresh materials (own moisture) where no maceration i needed
DIRECT STEAM DISTILLATION
32
Steam forced thru the fresh herb, carries oil droplets thru vapor pipe
DIRECT STEAM DISTILLATION
33
Ex. Peppermint, Spearmint
DIRECT STEAM DISTILLATION
34
Method of obtaining VO used for glycosidic volatile oils
ENZYMATIC HYDROLYSIS
35
Enzymatic hydrolysis of sinigrin yields _________
allyl isothiocyanate
36
precursor to allyl isothiocyanate
Sinigrin
37
t/f Allyl isothiocyanate (from Black mustard) is volatile
true. Black mustard is under ester volatile oil
38
Best method used for citrus volatile oils whose aroma is injuriously affected by heat
EXPRESSION
39
expression where Rind is used
SPONGE PROCESS
40
expression where whole fruit is used
EUCELLE METHOD
41
t/f In Eucelle method, citrus oil glands are punctured as fruits are rolled over a pan with spikes
true
42
example of eucelle method
lemon oil, orange oil
43
expression which Uses either sponge or Ecuelle after centrifugating
MACHINE PROCESS
44
most important constituent of volatile oil, upon H+ forms p-cymene
Citral
45
Cymene : hydrocarbon VO
Citral : _______ VO
aldehyde
46
method which use Soxhlet apparatus, and volatile solvent systems like benzene, ether
EXTRACTION
47
Advantage & Disadvantage of Extraction
Advantage: Fast way; quality is preserved (controlled temperature at 50°C)
Disadvantage: Expensive
48
extraction which use of inodorous, bland fat (pomade)/ fixed oil
MACERATION
49
extraction which use moderate heat, same as maceration
DIGESTION
50
Enfleurage is suitable in obtaining ______ amounts of volatile oil in plant parts like flower petals
SMALL amt of VO
51
fatty products impregnated with the floral odor in enfleurage is called the ?
Pomade
52
bland fat used in enfleurage
spread lard 60% and beef tallow 40%
53
in production of perfumes and pomade, oil is isolated by
alcohol extraction
54
t/f Enfleurage is a very tedious process, but produces the best quality volatile oil
true
55
Alcohol + Volatile oil + some waxes
CONCRETE
56
In percolation with volatile solvents, what is the CHIEF solvent
highly purified petroleum benzene
57
In percolation with volatile solvents, ___________ removed by vacuum distillation and the resulting product is known as concrete
VOLATILE
58
_________________ contain the plant or flower waxes, removed by dissolving the odorous portion in strong alcohol and separating the insoluble waxes by filtration
CONCRETE
59
how to remove small quantities of alcohol an insoluble waxes
chill to 20 C
59
result of chilling to 20 C
ABSOLUTE (pure VO)
60
Heating without access of air
DESTRUCTIVE DISTILLATION
61
example of Destructive distillation
Tar, which is topically applied for certain skin diseases such as psoriasis
61
t/f Smoke-like / Empyreumatic oils obtained from destructive distillation is not used in perfumery
true
62
(perfumery) Most volatile, leave the skin rapidly
Top note
63
63
(perfumery) Low volatility and high tenacity; "fixatives" or the staying power of perfume
Base note
64
(perfumery) Top notes (LAL)
Lemon,
Anise,
Lavender
65
(perfumery) Middle note (TNR)
Thyme,
Neroli,
Rose Oils
66
(perfumery) Base note (VMCA)
Vanillin, Musk, Civet, Ambergis
67
68
(perfumery)
orange flower oil (flower of orange fruit)
Neroli
69
(perfumery)
only fixative from plants
Vanillin
70
(perfumery)
Base note which can be isolated by aggravating the animal, without killing them
Musk and civet
71
(perfumery)
vomit of spermwhale which cannot be isolated easily
Ambergis
72
(perfumery)
Musk : _______
Civet : ________
Ambergis : _________
Male musk deer
Civet cats
Spermwhale
73
broad class of VO
1) TERPENOIDS
2) PHENYLPROPANOIDS / AROMATIC COMPOUNDS
74
Formed via the acetate-mevalonate acid pathway
TERPENOIDS
75
Terpenes found most COMMONLY in volatile oils
Monoterpenes
76
Forms the largest class of Terpenoids
Sesquiterpenes
77
Most non-aromatic volatile oils
hydrocarbons, alcohol
78
Formed via the shikimic acid pathway
PHENYLPROPANOIDS / AROMATIC COMPOUNDS
79
Phenylpropanoid precursor
Cinnamic acid
80
biosynthesis of VO:
derived from limonene
Monoterpenes
81
biosynthesis of VO: determine skeletal class of the terpene
Cyclases
82
biosynthesis of VO:
Occur in plants as glycosides with the presence of a sugar components
Monoterpenes
83
biosynthesis of VO:
Geranyl pyrophosphate: __________
Neryl pyrophosphate: ___________
Geranyl: trans-precursor of acyclic monoterpenes (no ring!)
Neryl: cis-precursor of cyclic monoterpenes
84
Geranyl PP (C10PP) give rise to
Monoterpenes (C10)
85
Farnesyl PP (C15PP) give rise to
Sesquiterpenes (C15)
86
Squalene gives rise to
Triterpenes
87
Paclitaxel (antineoplastic)
Diterpenes (#4 isoprene)
87
Neem (Azadirachta indica)
Triterpenes (#6 isoprene)
87
example of limonene (most widely distributed)
Monoterpenes (#2 isoprene)
88
Quinghaosu (Artemisia annua)
Sesquiterpenes (#3 isoprene)
89
common source for antimalarial agent
Quinghaosu (Artemisia annua)
89
Hydrocarbon portion of the oil (liquid)
ELEOPTENE
90
Components of VO
Eloptene, Stearoptene
91
insect repellant
Neem (Azadirachta indica)
92
Ex: menthol (crystal form), anethole, thymol
STEAROPTENE
92
Ex: eucalyptol, methyl salicylate, eugenol
ELEOPTENE
92
Oxidized hydrocarbon portion of the oil (solid)
STEAROPTENE
93
When using non-volatile solvent like glycerin, the process is called _____________
Levigation
93
_____________ is powdered using alcohol through pulverization by intervention
Menthol
93
Linears/Acyclic HC VO
Myrcene
94
Dicyclics HC VO
Pinene, sabinene, cadinene, caryophyllene
(PiSaCadCar)
94
Monocyclics HC VO
Limonene, Cymene
95
Rectified turpentine oil treated with HNO3 in alcohol (elixir)
Terpin hydrate / Terpinol
95
Turpentine oil treated with aq. NaOH
Rectified turpentine oil
95
Scientific Name: volatile oil from Pinus palustris
Constituent: a-pinene, b-pinene
Use: counterirritant
TURPENTINE OIL / PINE TREE OIL / SPIRIT OF TURPENTINE
96
Generic name: Camphor, Eucalyptus oil, and Menthol
brand name:
Vicks VapoRub
97
Scientific Name: Juniperus oxycedrus
Constituent: Cadinene, phenolic compounds
Use: Veterinary, skin diseases
JUNIPERS CADE
98
Phenolic compounds in juniper constituent
guaiacol, ethylguaiacol, cresol
99
precursor of guaifenesin
Guaiacol
100
t/f Juniper distillate is allowed to stand for at least 30 days when a layer of oil of cade may be separated
false. AT LEAST 15-20 DAYS
101
Scientific Name: Juniperus communis
Use: Diuretic and antiseptic
JUNIPER
102
diuretic, carminative, antirheumatic function of Juniper
Oil of juniper
103
key material for production of gin
Juniper
104
Prolonged intake may cause kidney damage due to
high terpene HC content and low proportion of terpinen-4-ol
105
Linear Alcohol VO
geraniol, linalool, citronellol, nerol
106
Monocyclic Alcohol VO
menthol, terpineol
107
Dicyclic alcohol VO
borneol
108
Washed away in the process of steam distillation
Borneol
109
Scientific Name: Mentha piperita
Family: Lamiaceae
Constituent: menthol
PEPPERMINT OIL
110
Thymol & peppermint oil is refrigerated at _____ C to become menthol
22 C
111
carminative, counterirritant, flavor in
chewing gums (Listerine®)
Peppermint oil
112
topical antipruritic, counterirritant
Menthol
113
menthol internal use
cardiac depressant (orally administered at high amount)
114
High menthol concentration than M. piperita but has an inferior flavor
JAPANESE PEPPERMINT OIL
115
Scientific Name: Coriandrium sativum
Constituent: linalool
CORIANDER OIL / KOLANTRO
116
Used as water for bathing when an individual has a chicken pox
Linalool
117
Scientific Name: Elettaria cardamomum
Constituent: cineol
CARDAMOM OIL
118
Scientific Name: Rosa gallica
Constituent: geraniol, nerol, citronellol
ROSE OIL / OTTO OF ROSE
119
Scientific Name: Citrus aurantium
Constituent: linalool
NEROLI OIL / ORANGE FLOWER OIL
120
Scientific Name: Juniper communis
Constituent: a-pinene, b-pinene
JUNIPER OIL
121
t/f Juniper oil contains alcohol but is more considered under hydrocarbon volatile oil because of the pinene
true
122
Scientific Name: Pinus palustris
Constituent: α-terpineol
PINE OIL
123
Linear Aldehyde VO
geranial, neral, citronellal
124
cyclic aldehyde VO
cinnamaldehyde, vanillin
125
Pathway where vanillin and cinnamaldehyde is derived from
Shikimic acid pathway
126
precursor of vanillin and cinnamaldehyde
Cinnamic acid
127
Scientific Name:
- dried bark of Cinnamomum loureirii (Saigon Cinnamon)
- Cinnamomum zeylanicum (Ceylon Cinnamon)
- Cinnamomum cassia (Cassia Cinnamon)
Constituent: cinnamaldehyde
Use: flavor, carminative
CINNAMON / CASSIA OIL
128
Scientific Name: Citrus limon
Constituent: citral
LEMON OIL
129
cause of lemon oil flavor
citral (neral + geraniol)
130
formed when limonene undergo decomposition/resinification
terebinthinate odor
131
t/f When a drug exudes a terebinthinate odor, it is recommended to be dispensed immediately.
false DO NOT DISPENSE
132
specific term for volatile oils which undergo resinification
Terebinthinate odor
133
t/f Volatile oils with high terpenes easily resinify, thus 95% of terpenes are removed
true. this results to no deterioration and no odor but HIGH price
134
95% terpenes removed, no deterioration, no odor; but ↑ price
Terpeneless oils
135
Scientific Name: Citrus sinensis (sweet orange fruit)
Constituent: limonene, decanal
ORANGE OIL
136
Scientific Name: Cymbopogon citratus
Constituent: citronellal, citral
Use: natural insect repellant
CITRONELLA OIL / LEMONGRASS OIL / TANGLAD
137
Scientific Name: Hamamelis virginiana
Constituent: 2-hexen-1-al, acetaldehyde
Use: astringent in hemorrhoid preparations
HAMAMELIS WATER / WITCH HAZEL EXTRACT
138
Monocyclic ketone VO
menthone, carvone, pulegone, diosphenol
139
Dicyclic ketone VO
camphor, fenchone, thujone
140
t/f Diosphenol is a phenol but in Ketone VO
false. it is a KETONE
141
Scientific Name: Cinnamomum camphora
Use: topical antipruritic, counterirritant, anti-infective
CAMPHOR
142
Natural camphor: R - Dextrorotatory
Natural menthol: ________________________
L-Levorotatory
143
t/f Racemic volatile oil do not have optical rotation
true
144
______________ camphor is in optically inactive racemic form
synthetic
145
Scientific Name: Mentha spicata
Constituent: carvone
Use: flavor, carminative
SPEARMINT
146
only mint that does not have a menthol
SPEARMINT
147
Scientific Name: Carum carvi
Constituent: carvone
CARAWAY
148
Scientific Name: Barosma betulina
Constituent: Diosphenol
Use: for menstrual problems, diuretic
BUCHU
149
Scientific Name: Artemisia absinthium
Constituent: thujone (counterirritant); absinthin, artabsinolides
WORMWOOD / ABSINTHE OIL / DAMONG MARIA
150
t/f wormwood is used for menstrual problems and gall bladder problems
true. also used to:
Promotes appetite, strengthens treatment of colds and influenza, expulsion of round worms
151
Scientific Name: Thuja occidentalis
Constituent: thujone
CEDAR LEAF OIL
152
VO that come from the shikimate pathway
Phenol VO
153
Phenol VO (CET)
Carvacrol, eugenol, thymol
154
Scientific Name:
- Thyme oil (Thymus vulgaris)
- Horsemint oil (Monarda punctata)
Use: antifungal, topical antibacterial
THYMOL
155
Scientific Name: clove, Eugenia caryophyllus
Constituent: chemically 4-allyl-2-methoxyphenol
Use: dental analgesic, toothache drops
EUGENOL
156
used for the synthetic preparation of vanillin
eugenol from clove oil
157
Scientific Name: Pimenta racemosa
Constituent: eugenol
MYRCIA OIL / BAY OIL
158
Scientific Name: Fagus grandiflora
Constituent: guaiacol, creosol
CREOSOTE / BEECHWOOD CREOSOTE / PIX LIQUIDA
159
precursor to antitussive guaifenesin
guaiacol
160
Scientific Name: Juniper oxycedrus
Constituent: cadinene
Use: local antieczematic (Polytar®)
JUNIPER TAR / CADE OIL
161
Scientific Name: Pinus palustris
Constituent: phenol, creosol
Use: local antieczematic, anti-psoriasis
PINE TAR
162
Scientific Names:
- Origanum onites (pot marjoram)
- Origanum vulgare (wild marjoram)
Family: Lamiaceae
Constituents: Carvacrol, thymol
Use: Antitussive and Expectorant
OREGANO
163
hallucinogenic agent in prison inmates (amphetamine-like), convulsive at high doses
Myristicin, elemicin
163
Scientific Name: Myristica fragrans
Family: Myristicaceae
Constituent: Primarily a-pinene, b-pinene, sabinene, myristicin, elemicin
Use: flavoring agent, carminative
NUTMEG OIL / MYRISTICA OIL
163
Scientific Name: Illicium verum
Constituent: trans-anethole
CHINESE STAR ANISE OIL
163
Traditionally used for digestive disorders, pharyngeal infections, and mild fevers
OREGANO
163
_________ have thyme-like odor
OREGANO
163
Scientific Name: Foeniculum vulgare
Constituent: trans-anethole
Use: Purgative
FENNEL OIL
163
Phenolic Ether VO
Anethole, safrole, asarone
163
Scientific Name: Pimpinella anisum
Constituent: trans-anethole , methylchavicol
Use: For cough and colds
ANISE OIL
164
Scientific name: Acorus calamus
Family: Acoraceae
Constituents: Asarone, related to myristicin
SWEET FLAG
164
Has AChE inhibitory activity
Sweet flag, Asarone
164
Germination inhibitors of lettuce seeds
Sweet flag, Asarone
164
Scientific Name: Sassafras albidum
Family: Lauraceae
Constituents: Safrole (toxic)
Use: Flavoring agent (previously in rootbeer)
SASSAFRAS
165
related to myristicin
Asarone
166
t/f Oxide Volatile Oils are often seen as cyclic ethers
true. in oxidative VO, ether is inside the ring
167
OXIDE VOLATILE OILS
Eucalyptol, ascaridole
168
Scientific Name: Eucalyptus globulus
Constituent: cineole, eucalyptol, cajuputol
Use: Flavor, antiseptic, diaphoretic, Ointment and liniments
EUCALYPTUS OIL
169
other use of Eucalyptus oil
expectorant, coughs
170
allied drug of eucalyptus oil
Mindanao gum
171
Scientific Name: Eucalyptus deglupta
Use: Stimulant, antiseptic, antimalarial (due to its oxide volatile oil)
MINDANAO GUM
172
ETHER VOLATILE OILS (GL, PM, All)
Gaultheria
Lavender
Pine Needle
Mustard
Rosemary
Alliaceous Plants
173
gaultheria oil / wintergreen oil / betula oil / sweet birch oil
GAULTHERIA / WINTERGREEN / TEABERRY /
CHECKERBERRY
174
Scientific Name: Gaultheria procumbens (also from bark of Betula lenta)
Use: antirheumatic, antiseptic, flavor
GAULTHERIA / WINTERGREEN / TEABERRY /
CHECKERBERRY
175
constituent of Gaultheria found in Pau liniment
methyl salicylate
176
t/f Gaultheria is fatal when 10 mL is ingested by children
true
177
Scientific Name: Lavandula angustifolia
Constituent: linalyl acetate
Use: Relaxing oil for aromatherapy (massage, headache)
LAVENDER OIL
178
Scientific Name: Pinus mugo
Constituent: bornyl acetate
PINE NEEDLE OIL
179
Scientific Name: Brassica nigra
Constituent: allyl isothiocyanate
Use: Rubefacient
MUSTARD OIL
180
Scientific Name: Rosmarinus officinalis
Family: Lamiaceae
Constituents: Bornyl acetate, 3% rosmarinic acid, carnosic acid
Use: Antibacterial, carminative, spasmolytic; used in aromatherapy
ROSEMARY
181
Scientific Names:
x Garlic (Allium sativum)
x Onion (Allium cepa)
x Leeks (Allium odorum)
Family: Amaryllidaceae
Constituents: Allicin, alliin
ALLIACEOUS PLANTS
182
alliaceous plants use
htn, hyperlipidemia, VO, rubefacient, antidiabetic, antirheumatic, antiseptic, expectorant
183
The following are group under alcohol volatile oil except
a. Peppermint
b. Rose
c. Turpentine
d. Juniper
Turpentine
184
The volatile oil which is used as an analgesic agent?
Eugenol- Phenol Volatile Oil
185
The volatile oil with amphetamine like effect?
Nutmeg oil- Phenolic Ether Volatile Oil
186
Which of the following serves as the source of tannin and volatile oils?
a. Orange
b. Pine
c. Hammamelis
d. Turpentine
Hamamelis - Aldehyde volatile oil
187
The active ingredient found in teaberry?
Methyl salicylate
