Lipids Flashcards
6 pages (208 cards)
1
Q
esters or long chain fatty acids and alcohols
A
Lipids
2
Q
Basic unit of lipid
A
triglyceride
3
Q
triglyceride composition
A
three fatty acids and one glycerol (specifically glycerol) is needed
4
Q
Fixed Oils
FA:
Alcohol:
Other:
A
FA: Unsaturated
Alcohol: Glycerol
Other: Liquid at room temp
5
Q
Fats
FA:
Alcohol:
Other:
A
FA: Saturated
Alcohol: Glycerol
Other: Solid at room temp
6
Q
Waxes
FA:
Alcohol:
Other:
A
FA: High MW, straight-chain acids
Alcohol: High MW, straight-chain alcohol
Other: Usually solid
7
Q
t/f Fixed oils are plant sources
A
true
8
Q
t/f ALL fixed oils are liquid at room temperature
A
false. except for cocoa butter (Theobroma cacao) thats why its used as a suppository base
9
Q
Fats are _______ sources
A
animal
10
Q
t/f Fats are solid at room temperature except for the cod liver oil
A
true
11
Q
_________ the only liquid plant wax
A
Jojoba oil
12
Q
(lipid usp test) # of mg KOH needed to NEUTRALIZE the free acids in 1 g sample
A
ACID VALUE / ACID NUMBER
13
Q
(lipid usp test) # of mg KOH needed to SAPONIFY the esters in 1 g sample
A
ESTER VALUE
14
Q
(lipid usp test) # of mg KOH needed to NEUTRALIZE the free acids and SAPONIFY the esters in 1 g sample
A
SAPONIFICATION VALUE / KOETTSDORFER NUMBER
15
Q
(lipid usp test) measures degree of unsaturation (how many double bonds are in the fat or oils sample)
A
IODINE NUMBER
16
Q
(lipid usp test) test to find about its ability to absorb oxygen and form a dry film
A
IODINE NUMBER
17
Q
(iodine number usp test)
Non-Drying Oil : ________
Semi-Drying Oil : _____________
Drying Oil : ____________
A
Non-Drying Oil : <100
Semi-Drying Oil : between 100 and 120
Drying Oil : > 120
18
Q
(iodine number usp test)
Non : PACO
Semi : Se, Se
Drying : Soybean , Linseed
A
Non : Peanut, Almond, Coconut, Olive
Semi : cottonSEed, SEsame
Drying : Soybean , Linseed
19
Q
most nutritious fixed oil, used in intralipid TPN
A
soybean
20
Q
used in painting
A
linseed
21
Q
formed when O2 saturates double bonds to form oxides that may polymerize
A
hard film (paint)
22
Q
burned fat
A
acrolein
23
Q
t/f In fats, if hydrogen is binded in the double bond, it does not rancidify. But when
oxygen binded, there will be peroxidation that will cause rancidification
A
true. presence of Oxygen = oxidation, thus rancidification
24
Q
Active ingredients of medicinal plants are divided into 3 classes:
A
Terpenes, aromatic compounds, alkaloids
25
Acetyl COA + Malonyl
Fatty acids
26
Acetyl COA + Glycerol
fixed oils, fats
27
Acetyl COA + fatty acid + alcohol
fixed oil, fats, waxes
28
Acetyl COA to Kreb's to
plant acids
29
t/f Acetyl COA can also go to the acetate-mevalonate pathway
true
30
precursor of Vitamin B1 (Thiamine) and Vitamin B6 (Pyridoxal)
Deoxy-D-xylulose
31
DMAPP + IPP
Geranyl Pyrophosphate (GPP, C10 monoterpene)
32
GPP + IPP
Farnesyl Pyrophosphate (FPP, C15 sesquiterpene)
33
FPP x2
sterols / triterpenes
34
lead to cholesterol, ergosterols, and all steroidal compounds (hormones, fat soluble vitamins, etc.)
sterols
35
only electron carrier in Electron Transport Chain which is non-protein because it is a terpenoid
Ubiquinone Q-9+Q-10
36
pathway to be inhibited for cholesterol lowering of patient
mevalonate pathway / cholesterol synthesis pathway
37
Glycerol + 3 unsaturated fatty acids that forms an ester bond
Triglyceride
38
site for oxidation and hydrogenation reactions in structure of FA
Double bond
39
t/f reaction with iodine is used to determine the number of saturated TAGs
false. it determines the # of DOUBLE BONDS
40
t/f EVEN numbered FA are common
true
41
Can be hydrogenated to form semisolid or solid fats
Fixed oils
42
Scientific Name: Seed of Ricinus communis; "tangan-tangan"
CASTOR OIL SEED / CASTOR BEAN
43
components of Castor Oil seed
Ricin (toxic lectin) & Azelaic acid
44
carbohydrate-binding protein
Lectin
45
second most toxic plant principle
Ricin
46
precursor for ricinoleic acid through the hydrolyzation of lipase
triricinolein
47
used as vaginal jelly to reduce the pH ~5 to 5.5
Ricinoleic acid
48
stimulant cathartic effect (may lead to dehydration)
Ricinoleic acid
49
pyrolysis of ricinoleic acid results to
undecylenic acid (antifungal)
50
used for procedures that require an empty stomach (e.g., abdominal ultrasound, lumbar x-ray)
Ricinoleic acid
51
treatment of acne
Azelaic acid
52
plasticizer in flexible collodion (3%)
Castor oil
53
t/f castor oil induces premature labor when given to pregnant women
true, esp. when the mother is prone to contractions
54
Scientific Name: Ripe fruit of Olea europea
Use: pharmaceutic aid, nutrient, emollient
OLIVE OIL / SWEET OIL / SALAD OIL
55
(type of olive oil) cold-pressed oil, extracted without aid of heat
Virgin oil
56
(type of olive oil) extracted using hot water
Technical oil
57
(type of olive oil) extracted with carbon disulfide; inferior quality
Sulfur olive oil
58
(type of olive oil) fermentation of fallen, decomposed olives
Tournant olive oil
59
(type of olive oil) cheapest and low grade olive oil
Tournant olive oil
60
Scientific Name: Ripe seed of Glycine soja (from Balatong/soya)
Use: Preservative, antioxidant
SOYBEAN OIL
61
t/f Soybean oil is an ingredient in parenteral nutrient (extralipid)
false. INTRALIPID
62
useful in controlling deranged lipid and cholesterol metabolism
Lecithin
63
Phosphatidylcholine
Lecithin
64
t/f Soybean oil is a source of Ricin
false. it is a source of LECITHIN
65
Source of stigmasterol (steroid precursor)
SOYBEAN OIL
66
Scientific Name: Ripe seeds of Prunus amygdalus
Family: Rosaceae
Constituent: amygdalin
Use: emollient, ingredient in cosmetics
ALMOND OIL
67
Scientific Name: Kernels of Prunus armeniaca
Family: Rosaceae
PERSIC OIL / APRICOT KERNEL OIL / PEACH KERNEL OIL
68
Scientific Name: Seed kernel of Cocos nucifera
Family: Arecaceae
Constituents: lauric and myristic acids
COCONUT OIL
69
all below are uses of coconut oil, except:
- antiviral property
- reduce cholesterol
- effective for UTI
- malaria
malaria
70
t/f coconut oil is a source of GOOD cholesterol
true; 1 tsp/day
71
coconut oil has the ________ IV and _______ SV among common fixed oils
LOWEST IV
HIGHEST SV
72
coconut oil is semisolid at _____ C
20 C
73
t/f Coconut oil is easily absorbed from the GIT, which makes it of dietary
value to patients with fat absorption problems
true.
74
Short (6-8) and medium (10-14) chain fatty acids are used when?
conventional fats are not digested
75
Fat absorption problem
Steatorrhea
76
Most expensive spice in the world
SAFFLOWER OIL / KASUBHA
77
Scientific Name: From seeds of Carthamus tinctorius
Constituents: PUFA
Use: Varnish or waterproofing material, antilipemic
SAFFLOWER OIL / KASUBHA
78
______ PUFA : ________ blood cholesterol levels
HIGH level pufa, DECREASE blood chole level
79
safflower 50% oil emulsion
high-calorie dietary supplement
80
Scientific Name: From the seeds of Helianthus anuus
Family: Asteraceae
Lipid constituents: Linoleic, linolenic, and oleic acids (unsaturated fatty acids)
SUNFLOWER OIL
81
t/f Sunflower oil can be used as an alternative to corn and safflower oils for culinary purposes
true
82
can be used as hemostatic agent like witch hazel leaves
SUNFLOWER OIL
83
Iodine addition product of the fatty acids of Poppy seed oil
ETHIODIZED OIL
84
Use: radiopaque; diagnostic aid (hysterosalpingography and lymphography)
ETHIODIZED OIL
85
Scientific Name: Roasted seeds of Theobroma cacao
Synonyms: Cacao butter, Aceite de Cacao o'de Teobromo
THEOBROMA OIL / COCOA BUTTER
86
Constituents of Theobroma oil
theobromine, caffeine, oleopalmitostearin
87
The only solid fixed oil
THEOBROMA OIL / COCOA BUTTER; thus used as a suppository base
88
food of the gods
theobroma
89
t/f Dark or bitter chocolate is obtained from Theobroma cacao with sugar treatment
false. NO SUGAR TREATMENT
90
Scientific Name: Brassica napus and B. campestric, Brassicaceae
Constituents: Oleic, linoleic, linolenic acids
Use: for cooking
RAPESEED / CANOLA
91
Contains erucic acid
RAPESEED / CANOLA
92
t/f Significant erucic acid intake can increase
cardiovascular risk
true
93
Rapeseed / Canola limit in oil
NMT 2.0%
94
Scientific Name: Serrenoa repens
Family: Arecaceae
Constituents: Lauric acid
SAW PALMETTO
95
Use of Saw Palmetto
Treat BPH (benign prostatic hyperplasia)
96
t/f Saw palmetto inhibit 5-α reductase thus inhibit production of hormones (androgens, estrogens) to enlarge the size of the prostate gland
false. it SHRINKS the size of the prostate gland thus as treatment for BPH
97
4 OFFICIAL FIXED OILS (PCoCoS)
Peanut, Cottonseed, Corn, Sesame
98
t/f Fixed oils are solvent for IM injections which can also be given IV
false. they CANNOT be given IV, only IM
99
Scientific Name: Seeds of Sesamum indicum
Family: Pedaliaceae
SESAME OIL / TEEL OIL / BENNE OIL
100
sesame oil constituents
Sesamol, Sesamolin
101
synergist for pyrethrum insecticides
sesamolin
102
potential reduction in serum cholesterol and increased vitamin E activities
Sesame lignans
103
t/x Corn is used to treat Cystitis
true
104
Scientific Name: Oil from embryo of Zea mays
Constituents: Oleic and linoleic acid
CORN OIL
105
Solvent for irradiated ergosterol
CORN OIL. also used in dietary supplement,
shortening in baking
106
precursor for vitamin D
Ergosterol
107
Scientific Name: Seed of Gossypium hirsutum
Use: solvent, substitute for lard
COTTONSEED OIL
108
used in China as male contraceptive
gossypol (toxic principle)
109
substitute for Lard
COTTONSEED OIL
110
Scientific Name: Ripe fruit or seed of Arachis hypogaea
Family: Gramineae/Poaceae
PEANUT OIL / ARACHIS OIL
111
t/f Peanut oil has low content of Thiamine (Vitamin B1)
false. it has HIGH CONTENT of Thiamine
112
Another plant rich in Vitamin B1 which is a source of vitamins for Tiki-tiki for Beri-beri
Darak (rice bran)
113
Animals; saturated fatty acids with glycerol
FATS
114
purified, fatlike substance from wool of the sheep Ovis aries
LANOLIN / HYDROUS WOOLFAT
115
Constituents: cholesterol, isocholesterol
Uses: water-absorbable ointment base
LANOLIN / HYDROUS WOOLFAT
116
t/f Woolfat can cause allergy
True
117
% of hydrous woolfat
25-30% water
118
Scientific Name: From fresh livers of Godus morrhua (isdang baklaw
COD LIVER OIL
119
woolfat with NMT 0.25% water
ANHYDROUS LANOLIN / WOOLFAT
120
It is the only liquid fat
COD LIVER OIL
121
Used as predominant therapeutic sources of vitamins A and D, antirachitic
COD LIVER OIL
122
Cod liver oil is used in which brand as vitamins?
Scott's emulsion
123
From the internal fast of the abdomen of the sheep Ovis aries
Other Synonyms: Mutton suet, Prepared Mutton Tallow, Sebo de Carnero
PREPARED SUET / SEBO DE MACHO
124
used in cooking, especially in traditional puddings, ointment base
PREPARED SUET / SEBO DE MACHO
125
Obtained from the hydrolysis of fats or oils
FATTY ACIDS
126
stearic acid which are tablet lubricants
Calcium and Magnesium stearate
127
Uses: emulsion adjunct, tablet lubricant
Stearic acid
128
stearic acid which is a dusting powder
Zinc stearate
129
stearic acid which can be formed by dissolving NAOH + stearic acid and boiled
Sodium stearate
130
Use: emulsion adjunct
OLEIC ACID
131
Byproduct in the production of stearic acid
OLEIC ACID
132
Vitamin F - essential fatty acid
LINOLEIC AND LINOLENIC ACID
133
precursor of prostaglandin (coming from the diet)
linolenic acid
134
direct precursor of prostaglandin
arachidonic acid
135
Prepared from pyrolysis of ricinoleic acid (castor oil)
UNDECYLENIC ACID
136
Sodium morrhyate are sodium salts of fatty acids from_______________
cod liver oil
137
sat FA
OYI; CaLaMyPaStAr
138
Use: antifungal, for athlete's foot
UNDECYLENIC ACID
139
Scientific Name: From the purified internal fat of Sus scrofa (pig)
Family Name: Bovidae
Constituents: cholesterol, isocholesterol
LARD
140
Use: sclerosing agent to remove varicose veins, can reduce stretchmarks in pregnancy
SODIUM MORRHUATE
141
t/f Lard is similar to butter
true; contain 40% solid glyceride and 60% mixed liquid glyceride
142
unsat FA
POLLA;
lei - 18:2
leni - 18:3
143
__________ and __________ have high melting points; High-risk and can induce heart
disease
Caproic and Caprylic
144
FA which Contain at least one C=C, with low MP
UNSATURATED
145
t/f Unsaturated FA can be classified as monounsaturated (1 C=C) or polyunsaturated (more than 1)
true
146
Unsaturated FA can be named with Delta notation or Omega number
true
147
omega # with the ability to reduce cardiovascular risk from animal fats
Omega-3
148
Found in outer cell walls of epidermal tissue, particularly in fruits and leaves
Waxes
149
animal souces of wax
spermaceti, beeswax, nonlipid comp from bees
150
head of sperm whale Physeter macrocephalus
SPERMACETI
151
t/f Waxes are secreted by humans through cellular respiration
false. secreted by INSECTS!
152
pathologic product in the stomach of sperm whale when feeding
Ambergris
153
ambergis is used as
base note in perfumery
154
t/f Spermaceti is substituted with Lanolin and Pure Jojoba Oil
false. it is substituted with the synthetic spermaceti/cetyl esters wax AND hydrogenated jojoba oil/ natural source
155
Beeswax is used as stiffening agent and ingredient in _________ ointment & base
in cerates and plasters
yellow
156
t/f Spermaceti is from sperm whale, thus it is easy to obtain
false. HARD to obtain
157
NONLIPID COMPONENT FROM BEES
Propolis & Royal jelly
158
bleaching is accomplished by allowing the melted wax to flow slowly over revolving wetted cylinders which forms _______ wax
white wax
159
Scientific name: Apis mellifera
Family: Apidae
Significant lipid constituent/s: Myricyl palmitate, free cerotic acid
Use: Commercially, used for polishes
BEESWAX / YELLOW WAX
160
t/f Jojoba oil must be hydrogenated first to be solidified and to be used as substitute
true, since hydrogenated oil can already easily solidify, and jojoba is the only liquid plant wax
161
t/f royal jelly is used as antioxidant
true
162
resinous material collected by bees from the buds of tree and used to fill cracks or gaps in the hive
Propolis
163
WAX PLANT SOURCES
Carnauba & Jojoba Oil
164
milky fluid produced by the salivary glands of worker bees and used as essential nourishment for the development of the queen bee larvae
Royal jelly
165
Scientific name: From leaves of Copernicia prunifera
Constituent: Myricyl cerotate
CARNAUBA WAX
166
beeswax substitute
Carnauba Wax
167
Carnauba use
Use: Manufacture of candles, leather, and furniture polishes (Kiwi®), tablet-coating agent
168
_______________ jojoba oil yields a crystalline wax similar to spermaceti
hydrogenated
168
Scientific name: liquid wax from Simmondsia chinensis
Family: Buxaceae
JOJOBA OIL
169
Iodine no. with less than 100?
Nondrying
170
t/f Prostaglandins are synthetic products involved in platelet aggregation, pain, and inflammation
false. NATURAL products
170
This wax serves as substitute for spermaceti?
Hydrogenated jojoba oil
171
C20 lipid metabolites derived from essential, unsaturated FA (arachidonic acid)
PROSTAGLANDINS
171
t/f Prostaglandins can also be derived from linoleic and linolenic acid
true
172
The ff. are considered as official oils, except?
a. Benne oil
b. Corn oil
c. Castor oil
d. Teel oil
Castor oil (plasticizer)
173
Major Classes of Prostaglandins
A, B, E and F
173
PGE1 is used in palliative therapy for neonates w/ _____________________________
patent ductus arteriosus & congenital heart defect
174
ALPROSTADIL
PROSTAGLANDIN E1 / PGE1
174
DINOPROSTONE
PROSTAGLANDIN E2 / PGE2
175
DINOPROST
PROSTAGLANDIN F2Α / PGF2Α
176
helpful in vasodilation, inhibits platelet aggregation, stimulates intestinal & uterine smooth muscle
PROSTAGLANDIN E1 / PGE1 / ALPROSTADIL
177
PGE2 & PGF2A Use
termination of second trimester pregnancy
178
AE: vomiting, pyrexia, diarrhea, nausea, but NO hypertension and vasoconstriction
PROSTAGLANDIN E2 / PGE2 / DINOPROSTONE
179
PGE2 is a uterine stimulant which is given as a ?
vaginal suppository
180
PGF2A is also a uterine stimulant but it is _________________
inactivated in the lungs
181
AE: extension of contractile effect -> (GI muscle) vomiting, diarrhea, (CardioV) ↑ BP
PROSTAGLANDIN F2Α / PGF2Α / DINOPROST
182
t/f PGF2A is rarely used
true
183
uterine stimulant given deep IM
15-METHYLPROSTAGLANDIN F2Α / 15-METHYL PGF2Α / CARBOPROST
184
prostagandin with abortifacient property (Cytotec)
MISOPROSTOL
185
Prostaglandin analog used for treatment of NSAID-induced ulcers
MISOPROSTOL
186
C20 derivatives of arachidonic acid
Eicosanoids
187
Linoleic acid + Phospholipase A2
Arachidonic acid
188
Arachidonic acid + COX
prostanoids
189
Arachidonic acid + LOX
HETEs, leukotriene, lipoxin
190
targets of all NSAID drugs
COX and prostaglandin function
191
COX inhibitors that also inhibits the production of prostanoids
NSAID
192
Pathway for inflammation may not be completely inhibited because of the ______ pathway which also produce inflammation
LOX
193
targets of some back-up asthma drugs
LOX and Leukotriene function
194
Antiasthma drugs which have leukotriene inhibitors
Zileuton, Montelukast and Zafirlukast
195
400x more potent as inflammatory agent and bronchoconstrictor than prostaglandin, linking to asthma.
Leukotriene
196
t/f NSAID are indicated for asthmatic patients to reduce swelling
false. NSAID is contraindicated to asthmatic patients because if you inhibit COX, the pathway will produce more LOX, inducing bronchoconstriction
197
Arachidonic acid + CYP450
Epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (EETs)
198
decreases inflammatory response, anti-inflammatory
Epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (EETs)
199
Natural mechanism of Arachidonic acid
form anti-inflammatory agent in the body
200
t/f Not all arachidonic acid will be utilized to form inflammatory agents (COX and LOX).
true!
201
t/f Montelukast is not effective in chronic asthmatic patients
true
202
___________ (LOX inhibitors, corticosteroids) help prevent attack of asthma
Controllers
203
Relievers (salutamol, formeterol) act as ?
bronchodilator
