Amine NTs

Question 1

What are the monoamines?

Answer 1

Dopamine and norepinepherine

Question 2

Which AA is 5-hydroxytryptamine derived from?

Answer 2

tryptophan

Question 3

What kind of amine is 5-hydroxytryptamine?

Answer 3

An indolamine

Question 4

What AA are catecholamines derived from

Answer 4

tyrosine

Question 5

Which AA is histamine derived from?

Answer 5

histidine

Question 6

Where are the cell bodies of cells that synthesise amines?

Answer 6

brainstem

Question 7

What is specific ab the amine neuron axons?

Answer 7

They project widely

Question 8

What is the main role of amine NTS?

Answer 8

Modulating the action of GABA and glutamate at synapses

Question 9

What do amines play a key role in?

Answer 9

Arousal, sleep, attention and survival

Question 10

Where are amine NTs released from?

Answer 10

Boutons

Question 11

What is the origin of noradrenaline in the brain?

Answer 11

Locus coeruleus

Question 12

Where do axons of nerves in the locus coeruleus innervate?

Answer 12

forebrain, cortex, spinal cord

Question 13

What does noradrenaline act at?

Answer 13

GPCRs

Question 14

Which GPCRs does noradrenaline act at?

Answer 14

alpha 1, 2, and beta 1, 2

Question 15

What do the noradrenaline GPCRs in the brain stem control?

Answer 15

Blood pressure

Question 16

What do the noradrenaline GPCRs in the descending pathways in the spinal cord control?

Answer 16

Movement and pain

Question 17

What do the noradrenaline GPCRs in the ascending pathways in the spinal cord control?

Answer 17

Arousal and mood

Question 18

How is tyrosine taken up by neurons?

Answer 18

Via tyrosine transporters

Question 19

What is tyrosine first converted into in nerve terminals?

Answer 19

L-dihydroxyphenylalanine

Question 20

What enzyme catalyses the conversion of tyrosine to L-dihydroxyphenylalanine?

Answer 20

Tyrosine hydroxylase

Question 21

What is L-dihydroxyphenylalanine converted into?

Answer 21

dopamine

Question 22

What enzyme converts L-dihydroxyphenylalanine into dopamine?

Answer 22

DOPA d carboxylase

Question 23

What takes up dopamine (in norepinepherine synthesis)?

Answer 23

Vesicular monoamine transporter

Question 24

What is the final intermediate before noradrenaline is synthesised?

Answer 24

dopamine

Question 25

What converts dopamine to noradrenaline

Answer 25

dopamine beta hydroxylase

Question 26

Difference between dopaminergic neurons and noradrenaline neurons?

Answer 26

Noradrenaline neurons have dopamine beta hydroxylase

Question 27

Eventual consequence of blocking tyrosine hydroxylase?

Answer 27

depleting noradrenaline

Question 28

Phenotypic consequence of blocking tyrosine hyroxylase?

Answer 28

depression like state induced

Question 29

How is noradrenaline inactivated?

Answer 29

Reuptake and degradation

Question 30

Which compounds degrade noradrenaline?

Answer 30

monoamine oxidase and catechol-o-methyltransferase

Question 31

Where are noradrenaline transporters expressed?

Answer 31

Presynaptic neurons and glial cells

Question 32

What is the phenotypic result of monoamine oxidase inhibitors?

Answer 32

Antidepressant

Question 33

Where is the origin of dopamine?

Answer 33

midbrain

Question 34

Three dopamine pathways?

Answer 34

Nigro-striatal pathway, mesolimbic, tubero-infidibular system

Question 35

Where does the mesolimbic pathway project from and to?

Answer 35

From the ventral tegmental area to the cortex and hippocampus

Question 36

Where is the tubero-infundibular system located?

Answer 36

Hypothalamus to the pituitary gland

Question 37

What type of receptors does dopamine act at?

Answer 37

GPCRs

Question 38

What is the tubero-infundibular system involved in?

Answer 38

Endocrine function

Question 39

What is the same between dopamine and noradrenaline?

Answer 39

Their inactivation (reuptake and degradation)

Question 40

Which pathway degenerates in parkinsons?

Answer 40

Nigro-striatal pathway

Question 41

Which NT does NMDA increase?

Answer 41

5HT

Question 42

Where does 5HT arise from?

Answer 42

Raphe nuclei

Question 43

Where does 5HT project?

Answer 43

Forebrain (cerebral cortex, cerebellum), spinal cord

Question 44

what are the 5HT neurons in the spinal cord involved in?

Answer 44

pain perception and pain regulation

Question 45

5HT dysfuncion is associated with?

Answer 45

depression, sleepy, abnormal feeding

Question 46

Increased activity of 5HT systems in regard to food?

Answer 46

Loss of appetite

Question 47

Decreased activity of 5HT systems in regard to food?

Answer 47

Gain of weight

Question 48

How is tryptophan taken up by NTs?

Answer 48

transporters

Question 49

First thing to happen to tryptophan in 5ht synthesis?

Answer 49

Conversion to 5-hydroxytryptophan

Question 50

Which enzyme catalyses the conversion of tryptophan to 5-hydroxytryptophan?

Answer 50

Tryptophan hydroxylase

Question 51

What is 5-hydroxytryptophan converted to?

Answer 51

5-hydroxytryptamine

Question 52

What enzyme catalyses the formation of 5-hydroxytryptamine

Answer 52

5-hydroxytryptophan carboxylase

Question 53

What happens to 5-hydroxytryptamine after synthesis?

Answer 53

taken up by vesicles

Question 54

Inactivation of 5ht?

Answer 54

Reuptake and degradation

Question 55

5ht degredation enzyme?

Answer 55

Monoamine oxidase

Question 56

What is unique ab 5HTs reuptake transporters?

Answer 56

They are specific to 5HT

Question 57

Where does ACh project to from the magnocellular neurons?

Answer 57

cortex/limbic system

Question 58

Types of ACh receptor?

Answer 58

Ionotropic and GPCR

Question 59

Ionotropic ACh receptor?

Answer 59

Nicotinic

Question 60

GPCR ACh receptor?

Answer 60

Muscarinic

Question 61

Role of ACh?

Answer 61

Arousal, sleep, waking

Question 62

Main substrate for ACh?

Answer 62

Choline

Question 63

How is ACh formed?

Answer 63

Choline combines with acetyl-CoA

Question 64

enzyme catalysing ACh formation?

Answer 64

Choline acetyltransferae

Question 65

Which enzyme breakd down ACh?

Answer 65

Acetylcholineesterase

Question 66

WHat is produced as a result of ACh breakdown?

Answer 66

Free choline, acetic acid

Question 67

what is taken up after ACh degredation?

Answer 67

Free choline

Question 68

Treatment for alzheimers regarding ACh?

Answer 68

Targets acetylcholineesterase to prevent ACh degradation