Memory 2

Question 1

Which beta amyloid protein has a more severe effect?

Answer 1

Beta amyloid 42

Question 2

What does intracellular Tau do?

Answer 2

Causes neuronal cell death

Question 3

What can beta amyloid plaques form complexes with?

Answer 3

Metal ions–> Cu, Fe etc

Question 4

What is produced as a result of beta amyloid plaques forming complexes with metal ions?

Answer 4

Peroxide

Question 5

What can peroxide do in neurons?

Answer 5

Peroxidate membrane lipids

Question 6

Effect of peroxidation on membrane lipids?

Answer 6

Can comprimise their functions–> functions of membrane spanning proteins

Question 7

Examples of membrane spanning proteins on neurons

Answer 7

All ion channels, all NT receptors etc

Question 8

What can happen if Ca2+ levels are too high in neurons?

Answer 8

Calcium sets off toxic events

Question 9

What can calcium cause in neurons that is toxic?

Answer 9

Excitotoxicity, tau phosphorylation

Question 10

What, other than peroxidation, can beta amyloid plaques cause?

Answer 10

Tau phosphorylation

Question 11

What can tau phosphorylation (and thus neurofibrillary tangle formation) cause?

Answer 11

Disruption of microtubular transport

Question 12

Main drugs used to treat AZ? symptoms?

Answer 12

Cholinesterase inhibitors, memantine, nootropics,

Question 13

Examples of cholinesterase inhibitors?

Answer 13

Donepezil, rivastigmine, galangamine

Question 14

Which type of NT neurons are first affected in AZ?

Answer 14

CHolinergic neurons

Question 15

Role of Ach in entorhinal cortex and hippocampus?

Answer 15

LTP and normal function

Question 16

Effect of cholinesterase inhibitors?

Answer 16

ACh stays in synapse for longer so more signalling to postsynaptic neuron

Question 17

Which drug is given to people in later stage AZ?

Answer 17

Memantine

Question 18

What is memantine?

Answer 18

Non-competitive NMDA receptor blocker

Question 19

Why does memantine work as an AZ treatment?

Answer 19

Not known, may be neuroprotective

Question 20

What a nootropics?

Answer 20

Drugs that are cognitive enhancers

Question 21

What are AMPAkines?

Answer 21

Positive allosteric modulators at ampa receptor

Question 22

What is used to treat ADHD?

Answer 22

Methylphenidate (ritalin)

Question 23

Four drugs used to treat AZ?

Answer 23

Donepezil, rivastigmine, galantamine, memantine

Question 24

What is most of the research about treating AZ progression aimed at?

Answer 24

The Beta Amyloid hypothesis

Question 25

Which drugs targeting the beta amyloid hypothesis are in trials?

Answer 25

Beta secretase inhibitors, anti-amyloid beta vaccine/monoclonal antibodies, anti tau vaccine/monoclonal antibodies

Question 26

How are copper and zinc targeted in possible AZ progression treatment?

Answer 26

With chelators as the metal ions can promote plaque formation

Question 27

Issues with nerve growth factors for treating AZ?

Answer 27

Would have to be directly infused into brain so cant be used for routine therapy

Question 28

Effect of statins on AZ?

Answer 28

Cholesterol promotes amyloid deposition, and statins can reduce cholesterol levels

Question 29

What are donanemab and lecanemab?

Answer 29

Monoclonal antibodies against beta amyloid peptide--> prevent plaque formation by sticking too it

Question 30

How effective are donanemab and lecanemab?

Answer 30

Delay progression by ~ 4 months

Question 31

What can be used for early diagnosis?

Answer 31

Beta amyloid plaque formation--> can start to form 5-10 years before symptoms

Question 32

What could be used to look for AZ biomarkers?

Answer 32

Blood samples, brain scans, spinal fluid draw (last two are difficult)