ANAEROBIC SPORE-FORMING GRAM POSITIVE BACILLI

Question 1

Anaerobes, on the other hand, are particularly susceptible to these toxic derivatives of oxygen because they lack the protective enzymes_______ or______, or the enzymes are present in low concentrations.

Answer 1

superoxide dismutase and/or catalase

Question 2

Clostridium causing Tetanus (Spasmic Paralysis)

Answer 2

CLOSTRIDIUM TETANI

Question 3

CLOSTRIDIUM TETANI

Also known as…
Due to the location or position of its endospore (terminal or outer portion)

Answer 3

Racquet Bacillus

Question 4

C tetani

• Endospores are….
(drumstick/ tennis racquet appearance)
Motility…

Answer 4

Round & Terminal
Motile by peritrichous flagella

Question 5

is able to kill the C tetani spores within a few hours

It is a toxic substance for C. tetani

Answer 5

lodine (1%) in water

Question 6

TOXIN/VIRULENCE FACTOR (Clostridium tetani)

Answer 6

TETANOSPASMIN

Question 7

C tetani

• Neurotoxin and an essential pathogenic product

Toxic to humans and various animals when injected parenterally, but it is not toxic by the oral route

Causes increasing excitability of spinal cord neurons and muscle spasm

Answer 7

TETANOSPASMIN

Question 8

T or F

Tetanospasmin
Toxic to humans and various animals when injected parenterally, but it is not toxic by the oral route

Answer 8

True

Question 9

The neonate is displaying a bodily rigidity produced by Clostridium tetani exotoxin, called…

Answer 9

neonatal tetanus

Question 10

Sir Charles Bell’s portrait of a soldier dying of tetanus.

The characteristic rigidity of the body is referred to as…

Answer 10

opisthotonos and risus sardonicus.

Question 11

LABORATORY DIAGNOSIS (Clostridium tetani)

Specimen:

Answer 11

Wound exudates using capillary tube

Question 12

is a good method for identifying Clostridium.

Answer 12

Gram stain

Question 13

is a Gram-positive rod, motile with a round terminal spore giving a drumstick appearance.

The______’ location is not observed in a Gram stain.

Answer 13

C. tetani

spores

Question 14

CULTURE (Clostridium tetani)

On____ agar and incubated anaerobically

Growth appears as a_____

Answer 14

blood

fine spreading film

Question 15

Spore-forming, anaerobic, gram-positive bacilli

Causative agent of GAS GANGRENE

Answer 15

CLOSTRIDIUM PERFRINGENS

Question 16

C perfringens

also known as…

Answer 16

Gas Gangrene Bacillus

Question 17

Can also cause Food poisoning

Non- motile, Capsulated with Subterminal spores

Answer 17

C perfringens

Question 18

SPORE LOCATION

B. anthracis
C. tetani
C. perfringens

Answer 18

Central

Terminal

Sub-terminal

Question 19

TOXIN (Clostridium perfringens)

Answer 19

a-TOXIN

B-TOXIN

Enterotoxin

Question 20

most important toxin

Lyses RBCs, platelets, leukocytes and endothelial cells

Answer 20

a-TOXIN

phospholipase C & lecithinase

Question 21

Once these are being released by C. perfringens, there will be:
Increased vascular permeability with massive hemolysis and

Answer 21

a-TOXIN
• phospholipase C & lecithinase:

Question 22

C. perfringens toxin

If not treated, then it results in Hepatic toxicity and myocardial dysfunction.

At some point, it will lead to death.

Answer 22

a-toxin

Question 23

C perfringens toxin

Responsible for necrotic lesions in necrotizing enterocolitis

Answer 23

B-toxin

Question 24

C perfringens toxin

• Heat-Labile toxin produced in the colon
• For food poisoning

Answer 24

ENTEROTOXIN

Question 25

LABORATORY DIAGNOSIS (Clostridium perfringens) Specimen:_____ Histological specimen transferred aseptically into a_____ & used immediately for microscopic examination & culture.

Answer 25

Histological specimen or wound exudate sterile screw capped bottle

Question 26

Specimens of exudates should be taken from the deeper areas of the wound where the infection seems to be most pronounced. If wound exudates are not possible, then use wound aspirates.

Answer 26

C perfringens

Question 27

C perfringens → blackening of meat will be observed with the production of____ and ____

Answer 27

Robertson's cooked meat medium H2S and NH3

Question 28

Exhibit Double zone of hemolysis (two zone of beta hemolysis) It ferments many carbohydrates with acid & gas

Answer 28

C perfringens

Question 29

Nagler reaction (+) It acidified litmus milk with stormy clot production

Answer 29

C perfringens

Question 30

This test is done to detect the lecithinase activity

Answer 30

Nangler reaction

Question 31

Inoculated on the medium containing human serum or egg yolk (contains lecithin)

Answer 31

Nagler reaction

Question 32

In Nagler Reaction test Colonies of Cl. perfringens are surrounded by _______ due to_____ activity and the effect is specifically inhibited if Cl. perfringens antiserum containing antitoxin is present on the medium.

Answer 32

zones of turbidity lecithinase

Question 33

C perfringens Litmus milk In a culture medium that contains lactose, if there is a fermentation, then it produces acid and a litmus indicator will turn the medium's color into_____.

Answer 33

pink

Question 34

C perfringens Litmus milk In a basic reaction, from Casein, if digestion occurs, then it produces alkaline amines. If the environment is already alkaline, the litmus indicator present in the culture medium will turn into_____.

Answer 34

blue

Question 35

REVERSE CAMP TEST for C. perfringens _______ is streaked in SBA &______ is streaked perpendicular to it.

Answer 35

CAMP positive S. agalactiae (Group B Streptococcus) C. perfringens

Question 36

Reverse CAMP Test (+) "arrowhead" (enhanced) hemolysis is seen in between

Answer 36

= C. perfringens

Question 37

CLOSTRIDIUM BOTULINUM causes…

Answer 37

BOTULISM (Flaccid Paralysis)

Question 38

C botulinum ______ neurotoxic subtypes - labeled____

Answer 38

Seven A-G

Question 39

C botulinum First recognized and isolated in_____ by_____

Answer 39

1896 Van Ermengem

Question 40

is a neuroparalytic disease Affects the nervous system

Answer 40

Botulism

Question 41

• Once released into the bloodstream it irreversibly binds to the acetylcholine receptors in the neuromuscular junction

Answer 41

C botulinum

Question 42

It alters the mechanism for acetylcholine release, making the neuron unresponsive to action potentials It alters the mechanism for acetylcholine release, making the neuron unresponsive to action potentials

Answer 42

C botulinum

Question 43

C botulinum Most common form Afflicts babies from 1 week - 1 year Antigenic variation types A/B

Answer 43

Floppy Baby Syndrome

Question 44

Floppy Baby Syndrome CAUSED BY:

Answer 44

• Ingesting contaminated foodstuff • Untreated natural honey and corn syrup • Household dust containing C. botulinum spores

Question 45

MANAGEMENT (Clostridium botulinum) •________ must be administered intravenously (recovery takes several weeks) • Mechanical respirator is administered if necessary. Support of the on-going treatment

Answer 45

(Trivalent (A,B,E) antitoxin

Question 46

LABORATORY DIAGNOSIS (Clostridium botulinum) •_____ found in serum, leftover food. • In infants, found in____. • Mice injected with toxins____ • spores are____, location? • Lipase (+)

Answer 46

Toxins stool DIE RAPIDLY Oval Subterminal

Question 47

• A common cause of nosocomial antibiotic associated diarrhea (AAD) & antibiotic (Clindamycin) -associated pseudomembranous colitis

Answer 47

CLOSTRIDIUM DIFFICILE

Question 48

• The only ***nosocomial organism*** that is anaerobic and forms spores (survive _____and hard to destroy) • Pathogenesis is mainly due to toxin production: Infective dose is____

Answer 48

CLOSTRIDIUM DIFFICILE >5 months < 10 spores

Question 49

LABORATORY DIAGNOSIS (Clostridium difficile) • Specimen: • Cultured on _________= (+) colonies with______

Answer 49

Stool Cycloserine-Cefoxitin Fructose Agar Yellow Halo

Question 50

Best Strategy for C. difficile testing • For clinical use: two-step testing uses initially___________detection screening followed by_______ or toxigenic culture for confirmation

Answer 50

ElA (Enzyme Immunoassay) cytotoxicity assay

Question 51

Best Strategy for C. difficile testing • Gold standard is _______followed by TOXIGENIC CULTURE ASSAY

Answer 51

STOOL CULTURE

Question 52

• Among the 4 medically significant Clostridium spp. We only have_______ as nonmotile and the rest are motile.

Answer 52

C. perfringens

Question 53

• For the LECITHINASE TEST, only ______is positive and the rest are negative.

Answer 53

C. perfringens

Question 54

• For the LIPASE TEST, only _____ is positive while the rest are negative.

Answer 54

C. botulinum

Question 55

• For the LACTOSE TEST, only______ is positive while the rest are negative.

Answer 55

C. perfringens

Question 56

• For the GLUCOSE FERMENTATION TEST, all are able to break down glucose except_____

Answer 56

C. tetani.