Vibrio, Campylobacter, Helicobacter, Aeromonas & Plesiomonas Flashcards by Kyra Catedral

Vibrios
• Natural habitants of seawater (Halophilic)
Except:?????

Vibrio cholerae
Vibrio mimicus

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Vibrios

• Mode of Transmission:

• Isolated from…

Drinking contaminated water or seafood

Gastrointestinal tract (for patients with Gastritis), blood and wound infections

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Vibrios

• Motile (______flagellum), Gram-Negative bacteria; comma-shaped; or curved rods

In______, they may lose the bended shape, and retain a straight morphology

single polar

prolonged culture

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Vibrios

• aerobic condition???
• Oxidase (+), EXCEPT:???
• Fermentative → Carbohydrate metabolism

Facultative anaerobes or aerobic

Vibrio metschnikoii (oxidase negative)

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Vibrios Culture Media
• media used????
• Incubate at ______ hours for ____C

→ Subculture to _______???
• Initial pH of______, for initial isolation

Alkaline Peptone Water (enrichment media)

5-8 hours at 35 degrees Celsius

Thiosulfate-citate-bile salts-sucrose (TCBS) agar

8.4

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• Thiosulfate-citate-bile salts-sucrose (TCBS) agar

Components????

• Important in inhibiting gram positive bacteria and lactose fermenting gram negative bacteria

• Sucrose
• oxgall (derivative of bile salt)
• sodium citrate
• bromothymol blue
• thymol blue

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Vibrios

•______- High pH enhances growth of Vibrios, they cannot grow in an acidic environment / killed by acids
• Smooth Yellow color for Sucrose fermenters

pH (8.6)

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Vibrios
Sucrose Positive

Vibrio cholerae

Vibrio alginolyticus

Vibrio fluvialis

Vibrio furnissii

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Vibrios

Sucrose Negative

Vibrio parahaemolyticus

Vibrio vulnificus

Vibrio mimicus

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• Causative agent of CHOLERA

Vibrio cholerae

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Vibrios

• GIT infection characterized by severe diarrhea
• Death may occur as a result of severe dehydration

V. cholerae

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Vibrios

• Mode of Transmission: Ingestion of contaminated seafoods, undercooked shellfish, and drinking contaminated water

Halotolerant, non-halophilic
Ferments sucrose

V. cholerae

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Vibrio cholerae

ANTIGENIC STRUCTURE AND BIOLOGIC
CLASSIFICATION
__________
• Poorly immunogenic

__________- serologically specific
• O1 strain (causes epidemic and pandemic)
• Non-O1 straint (cholera-like disease)
• 130-139 serologic groups of the O antigen
» there may be different O antigens, but they share the same H antigen

• Flagellar (H) antigen

• Somatic (O) Antigen

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V cholerae

•________ strain (causes epidemic and pandemic)
•_______ strain (cholera-like disease)
• ________ (how many) serologic groups of the O antigen
» there may be different O antigens, but they share the same H antigen

O1 strain

Non-O1 strain

130-139

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Vibrio cholerae serotype 01 (3 serogroups)
• - isolated in India
• - from the Philippines
• - from Japan

Ogawa

Inaba

Hikojima

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• Epidemic strain → categorized into 2 biotypes: (2)

_______ is responsible for the recent pandemics

Classical & El Tor

El Tor

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Classic vs El Tor

RBC Hemolysis

Vogues-Proskauer

Polymyxin B (50 U)

Classic vs El Tor

Nonhemolytic | Beta-hemolytic

     Negative | Positive

 Susceptible | Resistant

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Classic vs El Tor

Agglutination of chicken RBC

Clinical Significance

Negative | Positive

-Cholera (First 6 Pandemics = 1817, 1829, 1846, 1863, 1881, 1899)
———————————
-Cholera Seventh Pandemic 1961

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Vibrio cholerae O139(last) is very similar to Vibrio cholerae O1 _______ biotype

• To differentiate: perform?????

El Tor

Antigen detection or detect the polysaccharide capsule

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Vibrio cholerae

O1 Antigen | Polysaccharide capsule

Negative
Positive

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Vibrio cholerae

O1 Antigen | Polysaccharide capsule

Vibr cholerae O1

Positive | Negative

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________Pathology and Pathogenesis

• Pathogenic only for humans.
• Normal gastric acidity

Vibrio cholerae

ID = >10^10 or more Vibrio cholerae in water for infection to occur

=<10^2 - 10^4 organism in food for infection to occur

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Vibrio cholerae PATHOGENESIS
• Severe diarrhea = ________
→ bowel mucosa → outpouring of water and electrolytes (rice-watery stool) → severe dehydration → severe muscle cramping and anuria → death

• Vibrio cholerae produces heat labile enterotoxin (___&____subunits)

• A subunit causes I level of cAMP (increased cAMP levels usually leads to hypersecretion of water and electrolytes into the lumen)

choleragen (potent enterotoxin)

A & B

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SPECIMEN: stool, rectal swab (accepted usually in the acute phase)

• Specimen Transport is done with_____

Vibrio cholerae DIAGNOSIS

Cary-Blair

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• SMEAR: ???? • CULTURE •____; (rapid growth) • Blood Agar Plate with pH 9 • TCBS Peptone agar; smooth, yellow coloines

Gram-negative bacteria; Comma-shaped Peptone agar

Vibrios • STRING TEST (______) → viscous string • SEROTYPING Serogroups _______→ cholera epidemics • Biochemical reaction patterns

0.5% sodium deoxycholate O1 and O39

Vibrio cholerae TREATMENT • _________ replacement is very important • Oral_______ Note: Some Vibrio cholerae acquired resistance already (Transmissible plasmids > jumping genes) Perform Antimicrobial susceptibility testing

Water and electrolyte tetracycline

Epidemic and pandemic cholera ***"Asiatic cholera"*** first noted in India due to culture and practices

Vibrio cholerae

Gastroenteritis (ingestion of contaminated food) Most common agent of infections caused by eating contaminated seafoods

Vibrio parahaemolyticus

ABLE TO DEMONSTRATE A PHENOMENON where clinical isolates demonstrates hemolytic capacities on BAP, while those isolated from non-human sources are not hemolytic. → Kanagawa phenomenon → Kanagawa toxin, a thermostable hemolysin seen only in HUMAN samples → Wagatsuma agar

Vibrio parahaemolyticus

Is a blood agar plate that contains high salt, mannitol concentrations

Wagatsuma agar

Septicemia and wound infection

Vibrio vulnificus

Gastroenteritis and ear infection (marine environment)

Vibrio mimicus

Wound and ear infection (marine environment)

Vibrio anginolyticus

Gastroenteritis and diarrhea (marine environment)

Vibrio fluvialis Vibrio furnissii

• Found in both fresh and seawater

Awromonas

• Causes diseases in cold-blooded animals

Aeromonas

• Lab Diagnosis: • Mac, Eosin-Methylene Blue, SSA, CIN medium • Perform oxidase test • Fermentation of glucose and indole production • Motile: ***monotrichous***

Aeromonas

Aeromonas Most common human isolate ***Heat labile enterotoxin*** and ***heat stable cytotoxic enterotoxin*** Produce ***protease, lipase, and nuclease*** enzymes

Aeromonas hydrophilia

Motile, straight, round Gram-negative bacteria Now categorized as ***enteric bacteria*** Previously belonged to the Vibrionaceae family together with Aeromonas, but currently they are categorized as Enteric bacteria

Plesiomonas

Important in tropical and subtropical countries, and in Japan

Plesiomonas shigelloides

Infection: gastroenteritis • ***Mild with no blood or mucus in stool*** Mode of Transmission: Ingestion of contaminated food

Plesiomonas shigelloides

Plesiomonas shigelloides • Lab Diagnosis:

BAP, NLF on MacConkey & EMB Oxidase and Indole (+)

Gelatin test Who’s negative?

Plesiomonas

Who has growth on TCBS agar

Vibrio

Positive for NaCl requirement

Vibrio

Who ferments inositol

Pleisiomonas

Campylobacter 19 species, but most significant is…

Campylobacter jejuni

• Campylobacter coli - accounts for____ of infections in humans

5-10%

Campylobacter • Substitute______ when performing gram staining Disease: Gastroenteritis and diarhea

Campylobacter coli carbolfuchsin

Motile, microaerophilic and capnophilic Catalase and oxidase (+) Does not oxidize and ferment CHO Gram-negative bacilli with ***comma, S, or "gull-wing" shapes***

Campylobacter

• Characteristic ***darting motility*** (fast movement); best demonstrated when using darkfield microscope • Single, polar flagellum

Campylobacter

Guillain-Barré syndrome

Campylobacter

• An autoimmune disorder resulting from cross-reactivity of Campylobacter antibodies with the nerve ganglia

Guillain-Barré syndrome

• Virulence factor: • Able to produce Cytotoxin, cytotoxic factor and enterotoxin • Organism multiplies in the Small intestine → invades the epithelium → inflammation → appearance of blood cells in stool

Campylobacter

• Specimen: Stool • Smear: "Gull-wing" shaped rods (gram-negative)

Campylobacter

• CULTURE • Campylobacter blood agar (SELECTIVE due to the presence of ***Vancomycin, Polymyxin B, cephaothin, Trimethoprim and Amphotericin B*** )

Campylobacter

Campylobacter blood agar SELECTIVE due to the presence of (5)

Vancomycin Polymyxin B cephaothin Trimethoprim Amohotericin B

Campylobacter (Vancomycin, polymyxin B, trimethoprim)

Skirrow's medium

Vancomycin polymyxin B trimethoprim

Incubated at reduced atmospheric oxygen (___% O2) with____% CO2,___% N Fastidious

5 10 85

Campylobacter Optimal Temperature for growth:

42 to 43 degrees Celsius

Gray to pink; yellow to gray colonies, nonhemolytic and slightly mucoid

Campylobacter

Helicobacter Previously:

Campylobacter pylori

Characteristics: Small, curved Gram negative bacilli, sometimes U form

Helicobacter

Microaerophilic Requirement: Oxygen (5% 02), with 10% CO2, 85% N -> incubated at 35-37 C • Can't grow at 42 C

Helicobacter

Helicobacter UREASE OXIDASE CATALASE NITRATE

STRONG PRODUCER POSITIVE POSITIVE NEGATIVE

It is known to be the agent of • ANTRAL GASTRITIS • DUODENAL ULCERS • PEPTIC ULCERS • GASTRIC ULCERS • Implicated in GASTRIC CARCINOMA

H. pylori

• Grows best at pH 6- 7 (cannot survive acidic pH of the gastric lumen, so it burrows itself into the folds of the stomach wall) • Invades mucosa, and releases the toxins and lipopolysaccharides; damages the mucosal cells Produces protease and ureases and causes damage to the mucus secreting cells When these cells are damaged, they can no longer produce mucus—it is very important covering of the epithelium to protect it from the effects of acids found inside the lumen

H. pylori

CLINICAL SYNDROME • Chronic gastritis • Duodenal ulcer

Helicobacter pylori

Helicobacter pylori LABORATORY DIAGNOSIS MICROSCOPY • stain??? • GOLD STANDARD:???

Special silver stain or Modified Giemsa Histological staining and culture of biopsy from stomach or duodenum

• Tissue (mashed) → plated on SBAP = incubate at 37 C in microaerophilic and increased humidity environment • Colonies: ***Small, gray, translucent, slightly beta hemolytic**** BIOCHEM: ***strong and very rapid urea production—*** STRONGLY POSITVE

H. pylori

DIAGNOSIS • Serum = determination of ***serum IgG antibodies*** Stool antigen tests = ELISA Carbon urea breath test = detects urease • Endoscopy → to provide sample for testing for • Biopsy • Microbial culture

H. pylori

CHEMOTHERAPY • ***Triple therapy*** Metronidazole + bismuth subsalicylate or bismuth subtrate + amoxycillin or tetracycline ***14 days*** • Acid suppressing agent given ***4-6 week***

Helicobacter pylori

Vibrio, Campylobacter, Helicobacter, Aeromonas & Plesiomonas Flashcards

(74 cards)