Bacterial Structure

Question 1

Oldest known forms of life on earth

Earliest fossils are prokaryotes (where bacteria are part of) over 3.5 billion years ago

Answer 1

BACTERIA

Question 2

DIVISION OF MICROBIOLOGY

Answer 2

Virology
Mycology
Parasitology
Phycology
Bacteriology

Question 3

• study of viruses

Scientific discipline dealing with the biology of viruses including molecular biology and biochemistry.

Answer 3

VIROLOGY

Question 4

Viral diseases including physiology, epidemiology and clinical aspects of viruses.

It has acquired a broader significance as it encompasses the study of ecology, evolution of viruses, interaction among viruses and other microorganisms, and the ability of viruses to deliver their own heterologous genetic information into cells

Answer 4

VIROLOGY

Question 5

Virology

The specificity of the discipline came from the concept of the virus as a_____, very different from other microorganisms, and indeed, have very peculiar characteristics.

Answer 5

replicative organism

Question 6

small intact infectious agents

can only reproduce inside a cell they have infected

Answer 6

VIRUSES

Question 7

Viruses

Consist of a core of RNA or DNA surrounded by protein, sometimes an_______

Answer 7

envelope of glycoprotein

Question 8

______, including_____, are obligatory intracellular parasites containing both nucleic acids and proteins and are the most widespread species on earth.

Answer 8

Viruses

bacteriophages

Question 9

When a____ infects a cell, this leads to profound changes of cellular homeostasis and in turn, alteration of organ functions.

Answer 9

virion

Question 10

Study of protozoans and helminths

Study of the interaction between parasites and their hosts

Answer 10

PARASITOLOGY

Question 11

In general,_____ tend to concentrate on eukaryotic parasites (lice, mites, protozoa and worms) with prokaryotic and other infectious agents as the focus of fields such as bacteriology, microbiology, and virology.

Answer 11

parasitologists

Question 12

Parasitology

It’s estimated that at least half of all known species are parasitic, so understanding the_____ and _____ of these organisms wilth their host is often key to understanding the dynamics of ecosystems generally.

Answer 12

life cycle and interaction

Question 13

______cause millions of deaths and billions of infections in humans every year
_____ of crops and animals can have equally devastating effects by disrupting global food supplies and people’s livelihoods

Answer 13

Parasites

Question 14

• Unicellular eukaryotic organisms, enclosed in a membrane, and contain visible organelles

Answer 14

PROTOZOANS

Question 15

______, worms (tapeworms, roundworms, flatworms), also have a microscopic stage in their lifecycle.

Answer 15

Multicellular parasites

Question 16

are microscopic one-celled organisms that can be free-living or parasitic in nature.

They are able to multiply in humans, which contributes to their survival and also permits serious infecitons to develop from just a single organism.

Answer 16

PROTOZOA

Question 17

Protozoa that live in the blood or tissue of humans are transmitted to other humans by an_____
• Bite of mosquito or sandfly

Answer 17

arthropod vector

Question 18

Singular:

Single-celled eukaryotes
Similar to animals in nutrient needs and cellular structure

Answer 18

Protozoan

Question 19

• Live freely in water; some live in animal hosts
• Asexual (most) and sexual reproduction

Answer 19

Protozoan

Question 20

Protozoan

Most are capable of locomotion by

Answer 20

Pseudopodia
Cilia
Flagella

Question 21

Locomotion

• cell extensions that flow in direction of travel
• numerous, short, hairlike protrusions that propel organisms through environment
• extensions of a cell that are fewer, longer, and more whiplike than cilia
  Example: Entamoeba histolytica

Answer 21

Pseudopodia

Cilia

Flagella

Question 22

• study of fungi, its importance to us and to ecology, and conservation is unsurpassed by any of the branches of biological sciences

Answer 22

Mycology

Question 23

Fungi examples

Answer 23

Yeasts
Molds

Question 24

• Unicellular or multicellular, thick cell wall
• Develop from spores or fragments of hyphae

Answer 24

Fungi (yeasts, molds)

Question 25

______- scientific study of algae Also referred to as "______," plays a vital role in biology because algae are important in ecosystems

Answer 25

Phycology Alcology

Question 26

Mainly aquatic (fresh/saltwater), contain chlorophyll, carry out photosynthesis Some species produce neurotoxins which can concentrate in fish or shellfish and cause poisoning when eaten by humans

Answer 26

ALGAE

Question 27

Very primitive plant, and one of the first types of plants to evolve photosynthetic capabilities which allows the plant to use its green chlorophyll to turn into carbon dioxide and water into food with energy from the sun Primarily aquatic plants that lack the structures that terrestrial plants used to stand upright.

Answer 27

Algae

Question 28

Study of bacteria • Evolved from the need of physicians to test and apply the Germ theory of disease

Answer 28

Bacteriology

Question 29

• During this period great emphasis was placed on applying Koch's postulates to test proposed cause-and-effect relationships between bacteria and specific diseases. • Today, most bacterial diseases of humans and their etiologic agents have been identified. • Althought important variants continue to evolve and sometimes emerge.

Answer 29

Bacteriology

Question 30

are relatively simple, single-celled (unicellular) organisms. • Live freely in the environment.

Answer 30

BACTERIA

Question 31

BACTERIA Multiply by…

Answer 31

binary fission

Question 32

(true bacteria); (ancient bacteria) - different cell walls

Answer 32

Eubacteria Archaebacteria

Question 33

• Do not have a nuclear membrane, are metabolically active and divide by binary fission • Major cause of disease - Sophisticated and highly adaptable

Answer 33

Bacteria

Question 34

T or F Many bacteria multiply at rapid rates

Answer 34

True

Question 35

Different species can utilize an enormous variety of hydrocarbon substrates, including phenol, rubber, and petroleum.

Answer 35

Bacteria

Question 36

• This organisms exist widely in both parasitic and free-living forms Because they are ubiquitous and have a remarkable capacity to adapt to changing environments by selection of spontaneous mutants.

Answer 36

Bacteria

Question 37

Bacteria range in size from______ in width or diameter and up to_____ in length for the nonspherical species.

Answer 37

0.2-2 microns 1-10 microns

Question 38

Single-celled organisms--each of it is made up of only one cell.

Answer 38

Bacteria

Question 39

T or F Some species can live under extreme conditions of temperature and pressure

Answer 39

True

Question 40

T or F Human body is full of bacteria-it is estimated to contain more bacterial cells than human cells

Answer 40

True

Question 41

T or F Most bacteria in the body are harmless, and some are helpful A relatively small number of species cause disease.

Answer 41

True

Question 42

The largest known bacterium is______, with spheroidal diameters from ______

Answer 42

Thiomargarita namibiensis 100-750 microns

Question 43

• Spherical bacteria as small as_____in diameter have been reported.

Answer 43

50-500 nm

Question 44

determines which group an organism belongs to.

Answer 44

Cellular structure

Question 45

• are ***unicellular organisms*** that lack membrane-bound structures • Most note-worthy of which is the nucleus • they tend to be small, simple cells, measuring 0.1-5 um in diameter

Answer 45

Prokaryotes

Question 46

• While Prokaryotic cells don't have membrane bound structures, they do have distinct______ • In Prokaryotic cells, DNA bundles together in a region called the_____

Answer 46

cellular regions nucleoid

Question 47

Prokaryotes • Can be split into two domains

Answer 47

(1) bacteria (2) archaea

Question 48

Prokaryotes •(3) are all found together floating in the ***cytoplasm,*** primitive organelles found in the bacteria do act as microcompartments to bring organization to the arrangement.

Answer 48

Molecules of protein DNA metabolites

Question 49

are organisms whose cells have nucleus and other organelles enclosed by a plasma membrane

Answer 49

Eukaryotes

Question 50

•______ are internal structures responsible for a variety of functions, such as energy production, and protein synthesis

Answer 50

Organelles

Question 51

• Eukaryotic cells are large, around _______and complex • Most eukraryotes are multicellular organisms, there are some single-cell eukaryotes

Answer 51

10-100 um