NON-SPORE FORMING GRAM POSITIVE BACILLI

Question 1

• The genus Corynebacterium is a large diverse group of bacteria.

• There are more than___\ species in the genus, and at least____ are thought to be clinically significant.

Answer 1

80

50

Question 2

Corynebacterium

• Corynebacteria can be divided into

Answer 2

non-lipophilic and lipophilic species

Question 3

Fastidious, and slow growing
Requires exogenous lipids for enhanced growth

Answer 3

LIPOPHILIC

Question 4

Non-fastidious organisms
Does not require exogenous source of fats

Answer 4

NON-LIPOPHILIC

Question 5

Causative agent of diphtheria

Answer 5

CORYNEBACTERIUM DIPHTHERIAE

Question 6

also known as Klebs-Loeffler Bacillus

Answer 6

Corynebacterium diphtheriae

Question 7

non-motile, glucose & maltose fermenter

• nitrate reduction & catalase (+)
• urease -)

Answer 7

CORYNEBACTERIUM DIPHTHERIAE

Question 8

DISEASE ASSOCIATION (Corynebacterium diphtheriae)

Answer 8

RESPIRATORY DIPHTHERIA

CUTANEOUS DIPHTHERIA

Question 9

• Severe form of infection
This is the most severe form of infection caused by C. diphtheriae
• Exotoxin attacks mucus membranes resulting to inflammation and “pseudomembrane formation” of the pharynx

Answer 9

Respiratory diphtheria

Question 10

• Characterized by neck swelling (Bull’s neck)

Answer 10

Respiratory diphtheria

Question 11

• Necrotic lesions on the skin which are manifested on open wounds.

Answer 11

CUTANEOUS DIPHTHERIA

Question 12

ANTIMICROBIAL AGENTS (Corynebacterium diphtheriae)
________
It is the drug of choice for C. diphtheriae since penicillin is a beta lactam
drug that affects/destroys/alters cell wall synthesis of the bacteria.

_______for Penicillin - sensitive individuals

Answer 12

PENICILLIN

ERYTHROMYCIN

Question 13

LABORATORY DIAGNOSIS (Corynebacterium diphtheriae)

•_______ swabs of inflamed areas — Most commonly or routinely used sample in the laboratory.

•____ or ____ spx (cutaneous diphtheria)

Answer 13

Nasopharyngeal

Wound or skin

Question 14

Stains (C diphtheriae)

• Appearance of pleomorphic appearance, with metachromatic granules (Babe’s Ernst - polymerized phosphates)

Answer 14

Gram staining and loeffler’s methylene blue stain

Question 15

• visualized by Loeffler’s methylene blue

• On Gram stain, Corynebacterium are slightly curved, gram-positive rods producing the described ….

Answer 15

Chinese characters

club shape or coryneform or Chinese characters.

Question 16

• Toxigenicity test for C. diphtheriae strains that are non-toxigenic
• The culture medium used here is Nutrient Agar that is melted and is mixed with a horse serum.

Answer 16

Elek test

Question 17

• After incubation, we could observe precipitant lines with different strains

In-vivo testing: injection of C. diphtheriae animal (direct inoculation)
In-vitro testing - modified

Answer 17

Elek test

Question 18

CULTURE (Corynebacterium diphtheriae)

SBA: Small zone of…

______ (enhances metachromatic granule formation) or_____

•_______ - Gray to black colonies

Answer 18

ß - hemolysis

Loeffler’s serum/ Pai agar

Potassium Tellurite medium

Question 19

• a culture medium specific for C. diphtheriae

Black colonies with yellow halo

Answer 19

Tinsdale’s medium

Question 20

• The genus contains 10 species.

Answer 20

LISTERIA MONOCYTOGENES

Question 21

Listeria

Only_____ is considered an important human pathogen.

Recovered from animal products, such as raw milk, cheese, poultry, and processed meats.

Answer 21

Listeria monocytogenes

Question 22

VIRULENCE FACTOR (Listeria monocytogenes)

induces phagocytosis through increased adhesion and penetration into mammalian cells

damages the phagosome membrane, effectively preventing killing of the organism by the macrophage.

Answer 22

PROTEIN p60

LISTERIOLYSIN O

Question 23

CLINICAL INFECTIONS (Listeria monocytogenes)

•_______ is recognized as an uncommon but serious infection primarily of neonates, pregnant women, elderly adults, and immunocompromised hosts.

Answer 23

Listeriosis

Question 24

DISEASE IN PREGNANT WOMEN
• During pregnancy,_____ is most commonly seen during the third trimester
• It has been postulated that _____is responsible for spontaneous abortion and stillborn neonates.

Answer 24

listeriosis

L. monocytogenes

Question 25

LABORATORY DIAGNOSIS (Listeria monocytogenes) CULTURAL CHARACTERISTIC • Grows well on___ and ____ • Prefers a slishtly increased carbon dioxide (CO2) —Slight capnophilic • Growth occurs over a wide range (_____ to ____)

Answer 25

SBA and chocolate agar 0.5°C - 45°C

Question 26

Because L. monocytogenes grows at 4°C, a technique called _____may be used to isolate the organism from clinical specimens.

Answer 26

COLD ENRICHMENT

Question 27

In wet mount preparations, exhibits tumbling motility • In motility medium, the characteristic "inverted Christmas tree/umbrella-like" pattern incubated at room temperature (22°C - 25°C) but not at 35°C.

Answer 27

L. monocytogenes

Question 28

A more pronounced CAMP reaction is seen with L. monocytogenes when_____ is used in please of Staphylococcus aureus

Answer 28

Rhodococcus equi

Question 29

Produces a "block" type hemolysis with the CAMP test. at some point it will be considered as cryophiles, as it grows in a temperature of 4°C

Answer 29

Monocytogenes

Question 30

PATHOGENICITY TEST • Organism suspended in sterile water 2 or 3 drops are inoculated in the conjunctival sac of a ***rabbit's eye*** (+) test: purulent conjunctivitis

Answer 30

OCULAR TEST OF ANTON

Question 31

GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS There are 3 species in the genus • is the only species in the genus known to cause disease in humans • Occupational exposure (work involves handling fish)

Answer 31

ERYSIPELOTHRIX RHUSIOPATHIAE

Question 32

Also known as Butcher's disease

Answer 32

Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae

Question 33

• The usual route of infection is through cuts or scratches on the skin • The organism is resistant to salting, pickling, and smoking.

Answer 33

Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae

Question 34

CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS (Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae) • E. rhusiopathiae produces three types of disease in humans: ________ Which is a localized skin disease, cutaneous infection of hand and fingers ________ Which is often associated with endocarditis ____________

Answer 34

ERYSIPELOID SEPTICEMIA DIFFUSE CUTANEOUS INFECTION

Question 35

H,S (+): The only positive in gram (+) bacilli is

Answer 35

E. rhusiopathiae

Question 36

Gelatin stab: TEST TUBE BRUSH APPEARANCE • Or inverted Christmas tree or umbrella like, it exhibits a test tube brush appearance.

Answer 36

Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae

Question 37

• Also known as DODERLAIN BACILLUS

Answer 37

LACTOBACILLUS ACIDOPHILUS

Question 38

• Flora of the mouth, Gl tract, vaginal canal If found in the mouth, it is called______, while if found in the vaginal canal, it is called______.

Answer 38

Buas Doderlain

Question 39

• Non-pathogenic, rare cause of bacteremia • Helps maintain acid-environment produce large amount of lactic acid Grows at pH 3-4

Answer 39

LACTOBACILLUS ACIDOPHILUS

Question 40

LABORATORY DIAGNOSIS (Lactobacillus acidophilus) Gran stain: motility Catalase reaction Media

Answer 40

• Gram +, non-motile • Catalase, H2S & bile-esculin (-) Grows at: TOMATO JUICE AGAR

Question 41

Formerly H. vaginalis • May cause neonatal sepsis and postpartum bacteremia • Media:______- BEST!

Answer 41

GARDNERELLA VAGINALIS Human Blood Tween Agar (HBT)

Question 42

LABORATORY DIAGNOSIS (Gardnerella vaginalis) Vaginitis • Sniff's test:______ (+):_____ • Clue cells on Paps Are squamous epithelial cells. Inside the cytoplasm of the cells, there are bacteria. These are preferred as clue cells.

Answer 42

discharge + 10% КОН Fishy amine odor

Question 43

NOCARDIA Specifically,_______ PARTIALLY ACID FAST - UNIQUE CHARACTERISTIC Morphology - long thin, branching gram (+) bacilli Grows well at SDA (inhibited by chloramphenicol) ______Agar Growth enhances at 10% CO, for 3 days - 4 weeks Colonies -…. Resembles MYCOBACTERIA

Answer 43

Nocardia asteroides Sabouraud Dextrose waxy, bumpy, velvety, yellow orange colonies

Question 44

Nocardia is inhibited by_____

Answer 44

chloramphenicol

Question 45

Nocardia Growth enhances at 10% CO2 for_____

Answer 45

3 days – 4 weeks

Question 46

● Colonies– waxy, bumpy, velvety, yellow orange colonies

Answer 46

Nocardia