BACTERIAL NOMENCLATURE & GROWTH Flashcards by Kyra Catedral

CLASSIFICATION SYSTEMS

Numerical taxonomy
Phylogenetic classification
Phenotypic classification

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• Compuer taxonomy
Basis: frequency of trait-sharing (phenetics)

Numerical Taxonomy

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Basis: Genetic similarity and evolutionary relatedness

• Phylogenetic Classification

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Basis: overall similarities (microscopic and colony morphology)

• Phenotypic Classification

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group of “level” of classification

Taxon

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Hierarchical system within domains:

King philip came over for good spaghetti

Kingdom
Phylum/Division
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species

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“basic unit” of taxonomy

SPECIES

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represents a specific, recognized type of organism

Identified by comparison with known “type strains” (pure cultures)

Species

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(ATCC)

American Type Culture Collection

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• A population of microbes descended from a single individual or pure culture
• Different ___ represent genetic variability within a species

STRAIN

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: Ureaplasma urealyticum

based on biochemical and physiological qualities

Biovars

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: Corynebacerium diphtheria
Mitis, intermedius, and gravis
Morphology

Morphovars

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: Salmonella enterica (typhi)

Serology/antigenic properties

Serovars

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(Systematic name)

Scientific name

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• Are italicized or underlined
• Are “latinized” and used worldwide
• May be descriptiv or honors a scientist

Scientific name (Systematic name)

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In scientific name

• _____name is never abbreviated
• A_____ name may be used alone to indicate a group
• A____ name is never used alone.

Species

genus

species

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a manual that aids in identification of unknownns

Bergey’s Manual of Determinative Bacteriology

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Main resource for determining the identity of bacteria species, utilizing every characterizing aspect

Uses successive “key” features to narrow down identification

Bergey’s Manual of Determinative Bacteriology

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PHYSICAL AND NUTRITIONAL GROWTH
REQUIREMENTS OF BACTERIA
Major Elements:

• Carbon
• Oxygen
• Nitrogen
• Hydrogen
• Phosphorus
• Sulfur
• Potassium
• Magnesium
• Calcium
• Iron

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PHYSICAL AND NUTRITIONAL GROWTH
REQUIREMENTS OF BACTERIA

Trace Elements:
MangaZin CuCoMo

• Manganese
• Zinc

• Copper
• Cobalt
• Molybdenum

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act as co-factors for enzymatic reactions

only small amounts

need not be added to culture media

Elements

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TYPES OF ORGANISMS BASED ON PHYSIOLOGIC REQUIREMENTS

Phototroph
Chemotroph
Autotroph
Heterotroph

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Energy source: Light

Phototroph

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Energy source: Chemical

Chemotroph

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Energy source: Inorganic Organic

Chemolithotrophs Chemoorganotrophs

Carbon source: CO2

Capnophiles (Autotroph)

Carbon source: Organic compounds

Heterotroph

essential substances that the organism is unable to synthesize from available nutrients required in small amounts by cells

GROWTH FACTORS

Categories of Growth Factors

***Purines, pyrimidines*** -> nucleic acid ***Amino acids*** -> proteins ***Vitamins*** -› coenzymes. enzymes

Fastidious

Organisms tend to require a variety of growth factors

Only aerobic growth: oxygen required. Growth occurs only where high concentrations of oxygen have diffused into the medium

Obligate Aerobes

Both aerobic and anaerobic growth; greater growth in presence of oxygen Growth is best where most oxygen is present, but occurs throughout tube

Facultative anaerobes

Only anaerobic growth; ceases in the presence of oxygen Growth occurs only where there is no oxygen

Obligate Anaerobes

Only anaerobic growth; but continues in presence of oxygen Growth occurs evenly: oxygen has no eefect

Aerotolerant Anaerobes

Only aerobic growth; oxygen required in LOW concentration Growth occurs only where a low concentration of oxygen has diffused into medium

Microaerophiles

Requires elevated conc. of carbon dioxide Easily cultivated in a candle jar

CAPNOPHILES

3 common enzymes produced by microbes

Superoxide dismutase Catalase Peroxidase

Obligate aerobes, most facultative anaerobes (e.g. Enterics)

Superoxide dismutase Catalase

Most aerotolerant anaerobes (e.g. Streptococci)

Superoxide dismutase Peroxidase

Require O2- final electron acceptor in aerobic respiration

Obligate Aerobes

Can interchange between aerobic and anaerobic type of metabolism If O2 present = switches to aerobic respiration

Facultative Anaerobes

Does not require oxygen - it is toxic for them Lives by anaerobic respiration, fermentation, bacterial photosynthesis or methanogenesis

Obligate Anaerobes

Interchanges between anaerobic to aerobic type of metabolism If under anaerobic conditions, grows by fermentation or anaerobic respiration

Facultative Aerobes

Only anaerobic / fermentative type of metabolism Unaffected by the presence of oxygen Lives in fermentation regardless of the presence of 02

Aerotolerant anaerobes

Requires O,for respiration, but only at least 20% conc. of 02

MICROAEROPHILES

Cold-loving 0 - 20°C

PSYCHROPHILES

meaning "middle" 20 - 45°C most pathogenic organisms

MESOPHILES

o above 45°C

THERMOPHILES

• Extremely high 80-115°C Can survive autoclave

Hyperthermophiles

Like high humidity

Humidophiles

Survive little of no O2 for some period of time

Xerophiles

: onlv common solute that occurs over a wide concentration range

SALT

Can survive in presence of salt

Halophiles

Halophiles • = 1-6% salt • = 6-15% salt • = 15-30% salt

Mild halophiles Moderate halophiles Extreme halophiles

are able to survive at high salt concentrations but do not require these conditions for growth.

Halotolerant

MOVEMENT ACROSS MEMBRANES

Simple diffusion Facilitated diffusion Osmosis

Movement of a solute from high concentration to low concentration.

Simple Diffusion

Solute combines with transporter protein in membrane needs ATP

Facilitated Diffusion

Movement of H2O from an area of High H2O conc. to an area of Low H2O conc.

Osmosis

Pressure required to stop H2O movement across the membrane Reached equilibrium

Osmotic pressure

no net movement of water Solution present in the body under normal circumstances

Isotonic (isosmotic) solution-

--water moves into the cell and may cause the cell to burst if the wall is weak or damaged (osmotic lysis) Plasmoptysis

Hypotonic (hypoosmotic) solution

water moves out of the cell, causing its cytoplasm to shrink (plasmolysis)

Hypertonic (hyperosmotic) solution-

pH Requirement • The acidity or alkalinity of a solution • Most bacteria = • Molds & yeasts =

pH 6.5 - 7.5 (7.2-7.6) pH 5-6

pH requirement • ACIDOPHILE • NEUTROPHILE • ALKALIPHILE

(pH 2-5) (pH 7) (pH 8-9)

- an orderly increase in the quantity of cell constituents.

GROWTH

Adjustment period

Lag Phase

After the inoculation of cells into a fresh medium, the population remains temporarily unchanged, though there is no cell division happening, cells may be growing in volume or mass synthesizing the required enzymes, proteins - increasing metabolic activity

Lag Phase

Cellular reproduction stage, exponential phase Pattern of balanced growth where all the cells are dividing regularly by binary fission

Logarithmic phase Exponential growth phase

Geometric progression Cells divide at a constant rate, depending upon the composition of closed medium and conditions of incubation

Log phase

High population density As microbes divide, they die

Staionary/Plateau phase

Stationary phase Limited population growth due to one of the three factors

Exhaustion of available nutrients Accumulation of inhibitory metabolites or end products that may be toxic Lack of biological space

Dying microbes -> new cells Decline continues until there is complete cessation of reproduction

Death phase

Doubling time • The time it takes for an organism to double its number • Time required for a cell to divide

GENERATION TIME

What causes Exponential growth to stop?

Exhaustion of nutrients Waste product accumulation Toxin production Harmful pH change

Vitek uses what classification system?

Numerical taxonomy

Classification of felines

Phylogenetic classification

Vitek is used for…

Antimicrobial susceptibility testing

3 domains of living organisms

Bacteria Archea Eucaryota

Type strains also known an

Pure culture

employs both traditional biochemical testing methods and automated phenotypic and genotypic analyses. This provides highly accurate identification across a wide array of microorganisms and can help avoid the pitfalls of misidentification, painful recalls, and regulatory repercussions.

ATCC

Types of Strains

Biovars Morphobars Serovars

Morphovars of Corynebacterium diphtheriae

Mitis Intermedius Gravis

Scientific name rules

• Are italicized or underlined • Are "Latinized" and used worldwide • May be descriptive or honors a scientist

Staphylococcus aureus Clustered Spherical Gold

Staphylo Cocci Aureus

Escherechia coli honors… Coli=

Theodor Escherich Colon

Once introduced, scientific names may be..

Abbreviated On the forst paragraph of a research pper, it is required to be spelled out

Complete and correct name of salmonella

**Salmonella enterica** subsp. **enterica** serovar Dublin

Common/ Descriptive/Trivial name of… M. tuberculosis

Tubercle bacillus

Common/ Descriptive/Trivial name of… N. meningitidis

Meningococcus

Common/ Descriptive/Trivial name of… S. pyogenes

Group A streptococcus

Acts as co factors for enzymatic reactions

Elements

Need carbon dioxide Requires more CO2 than oxygen

Autotrophs Capnophiles

Disease causing or pathogenic organisms are mostly…

Fastidious

Obligate anaerobes (e.g) Clostridia Bacteroides)

Negative for superoxide dismutase, catalase, peroxidase

Psychrophiles

0-20 C

Mesophiles

20-45 C

Thermophiles

Above 45 C

T or F Most disease causing bacteria are mesophiles

True

Survive beyond 80 C

Hyperthermophiles

Survive at 0C

Psychroduric

Need a lot of water/ moisture to grow

Humidophiles

Can live in dry environments like the desert are

Xerophiles

Requires an environment to grow with a concentration of salt that’s higher than normal are

Halophiles

Mild halophiles Moderate halophiles Extreme halophiles

1-6 %salt 6-15 %salt 15-14 %salt

Binary fission

Cell elongates and DNA is replicated Cell wall and plasma membrane begin to divide Cross-wall forms completely around divided DNA Cell separate

Four phases of bacterial growth curve

Lag phase Log phase Stationary phase Death/ decline phase

Binary fission occurs in what phase?

Log phase Exponential growth phase

3 types of strains

Biovars Morphovars Serovars

BACTERIAL NOMENCLATURE & GROWTH Flashcards

(109 cards)