Anatomical Terminology and Overview of Systems Flashcards
(114 cards)
1
Q
median plane
A
- vertical plane passing longitudinally through the body
- divides body into right and left halves
2
Q
sagittal plane
A
vertical planes passing through the body parallel to the median plane
3
Q
frontal (coronal plane)
A
- vertical plane passing through the body at right angles to the median plane
- divides the body into anterior and posterior
4
Q
transverse (axial) plane
A
- passes through the body at right angles to the median and frontal planes
- divides the body into superior & inferior
5
Q
joint
A
where 2 or more bones or cartilages articulate with one another
6
Q
integumentary system
A
skin, its appendages, and the subcutaneous tissue just beneath it
7
Q
superficial fascia (subcutaneous tissue)
A
fatty layer located just beneath the skin
8
Q
major functions of the skin
A
protection, containment, heat regulation, sensation, synthesis and storage
9
Q
fascia
A
insulating materials of the deep structures of the body
10
Q
deep fascia
A
- dense, organized connective tissue layer
- no fat
- deep to the superficial fascia
11
Q
investing fascia
A
extensions from the internal surface of the deep fascia that invest deeper structures
(ex - individual muscles, neurovascular bundles)
12
Q
bursae
A
- closed sacs/envelopes of serous membrane
- secrete fluid to lubricate smooth internal muscle
13
Q
serous membrane
A
- delicate connective tissue collapsed
- secretes a thin layer of lubricating fluid
- enables one structure to move more freely over another in locations subject to friction (lungs)
14
Q
what is the skeleton composed of?
A
cartilages and bones
15
Q
bone markings
A
appear wherever tendons, ligaments, and fascias are attached or where arteries lie adjacent to or enter bodies
16
Q
capitulum
A
small, round, articular head
17
Q
condyle
A
rounded, knuckle-like articular area
usually occurs in pairs
18
Q
crest
A
ridge of bone
19
Q
epicondyle
A
eminence superior to a condyle
20
Q
facet
A
- smooth flat area
- usually covered with cartilage
- where a bone articulates with another bone
21
Q
foramen
A
passage through a bone
22
Q
fossa
A
hollow or depressed area
23
Q
groove
A
elongated depression or furrow
24
Q
head
A
large, round articular end
25
malleolus
rounded process
26
notch
indentation at the edge of a bone
27
protuberance
projection of bone
28
spine
thorn-like process
29
spinous process
projecting spine-like part
30
trochanter
large blunt elevation
31
trochlea
spool-like articular process or process that acts as a pulley
32
tubercle
small raised eminence
33
tuberosity
large rounded elevation
34
3 classes of joints
- synovial
- fibrous
- cartilaginous
35
synovial joint
articulating bones are united by a joint (articular) capsule spanning and enclosing a joint cavity
36
what is a joint capsule composed of?
an outer fibrous layer (membrane) lined by a serous synovial membrane
37
fibrous joint
articulating bones are united by fibrous tissue
38
cartilaginous joints
articulating structures are united by hyaline cartilage or fibrocartilage
39
what comprises the circulatory system?
cardiovascular and lymphatic system
40
2 types of circulation
pulmonary and systemic circulation
41
anastomoses
communications between the multiple branches of an artery or arteries
42
what do anastomoses do?
provide numerous potential detours for blood flow in case the usual pathway is obstructed
43
what are accompanying veins also known as?
venae comitantes
44
what does the right lymphatic duct drain?
lymph from right side of head, neck, thorax, and upper limb
45
what does the right lymphatic duct enter?
right venous angle
46
what makes up a venous angle?
internal jugular vein and subclavian vein
47
what does the thoracic duct drain?
lymph from the remainder of the body
48
what are the structural divisions of the nervous system?
central nervous system (CNS) & peripheral nervous system (PNS)
49
CNS
brain & spinal cord
50
PNS
- everything else (nerves coming off brain and spinal cord)
| - nerve fibers and cell bodies outside the CNS that conduct impulses toward or away from the CNS
51
what are the functional divisions of the nervous system?
somatic nervous system (SNS) & autonomic nervous system (ANS)
52
somatic nervous system
supplies body
53
autonomic nervous system
supplies viscera, glands, smooth muscle
54
structural and functional units of the nervous system specialized for rapid communication
neurons
55
what is a neuron's composition?
cell body, dendrites, axon
56
dendrites carry impulses ___
to the cell body
57
axons carry impulses ____
away from the cell body
58
myelin
layers of lipid and protein substances
59
what does the myelin sheath do?
greatly increase the velocity of impulse conduction
60
collection of nerve cell bodies in the CNS
nucleus
61
bundle of nerve fibers (axons) connection neighboring or distant nuclei of the CNS
tract
62
gray matter
nerve cell bodies
63
white matter
interconnection fiber tract systems (axons)
64
pia mater
delicate, transparent, innermost
65
arachnoid mater
- between dura and pia
| - where CSF is located
66
dura mater
thick tough outerlayer
67
epidural space
- fat filled
| - separates dura mater of the spinal cord and the surrounding bone of the vertebral column
68
ganglion
collection of nerve cell bodies outside the CNS
69
2 types of ganglia
motor (autonomic) and sensory ganglia
70
3 types of motor (autonomic) ganglia
- paravertebral (sympathetic)
- prevertebral (sympathetic and parasympathetic)
- cranial (parasympathetic)
71
where do the motor fibers of the anterior root go?
pass from nerve cell bodies in the anterior horn of the spinal cord gray matter >>> to effector organs located peripherally
72
what does the posterior root consist of?
sensory (afferent) fibers
73
where do the sensory fibers of the posterior root go?
from cell bodies in the spinal sensory ganglion or dorsal root ganglion >>>
- extend peripherally to sensory endings
- pass centrally to posterior horn of spinal gray matter
74
what is the order of a spinal nerve
anterior and posterior rootlets >> anterior (motor) and posterior (senstory) roots >> spinal sensory or dorsal root ganglion >> spinal nerve (mixed) >> anterior and posterior rami
75
dermatome
fibers of a single spinal nerve that innervate skin
76
myotome
fibers of a single spinal nerve that innervate muscle
77
what spinal nerves have little to no representation on the trunk?
C5-T1 (upper limbs) and L3-S1 (lower limbs)
78
nerve plexuses (mulitsegmental peripheral nerves)
anterior rami merged with all or portions of one or more adjacent anterior rami
79
2 types of somatic fibers
- general sensory fibers
| - somatic motor fibers
80
2 types of visceral fibers
- visceral sensory fibers
| - visceral motor fibers
81
what type of neuron do both types of sensory fibers (general sensory and visceral sensory) process?
pseudounipolar neurons
82
pseudounipolar neurons
cell bodies located outside the CNS in the dorsal root ganglia >>> gray matter
83
what type of neuron do both types of motor fibers (somatic motor and visceral motor) process?
multipolar neurons
84
somatic motor neurons
cell bodies located in gray matter of spinal cord >>> anterior root of the spinal nerve >>> the effector organ
85
presynaptic visceral motor neurons
cell bodies located in gray matter of spinal cord >>> anterior root of the spinal nerve >>> synapse in autonomic ganglion >>> now a postsynaptic visceral motor neuron
86
postsynaptic visceral motor neurons
cell bodies located outside the CNS in autonomic ganglia >>> glands, smooth muscle, viscera
87
what is the somatic nervous system composed of?
parts of the CNS and PNS
88
somatic sensory system
transmits sensations of touch, pain, temperature, and position from sensory receptors
(reach conscious level)
89
somatic motor system
innervates only skeletal muscle
90
what is the autonomic nervous system composed of?
motor fibers that stimulate smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, glands
91
smooth muscle
involuntary
92
cardiac muscle
impulse conduction
93
glandular
secretory
94
2 divisions of the autonomic nervous system motor fibers and ganglia
- sympathetic (thoracolumbar)
| - parasympathetic (cranioscaral)
95
presynaptic sympathetic division of ANS cell bodies
in T1-L2
96
parasympathetic division of ANS
cell bodies in cranial nerves 3, 7, 9, 10
97
postsynaptic sympathetic division of ANS cell bodies
- paravertebral ganglia
| - prevertebral ganglia
98
paravertebral ganglia
forms sympathetic trunks on each side of the vertebral column
99
prevertebral ganglia
in plexuses surrounding main branches of abdominal aorta
100
which system consists of the epidermis, dermis, and specialized structures?
integumentary system
101
what is located beneath the dermis and contains most of the body's fat stores?
superficial fascia
102
what is an organized connective tissue layer that completely envelops the body beneath the subcutaneous tissue of the skin?
deep fascia
103
what is a union between 2 or more bones or rigid parts of the skeleton?
joint
104
what are the 3 general types of joints?
synovial, fibrous, cartilaginous
105
what are the 3 types of muscle?
skeletal, cardiac, smooth
106
which type of muscle is further classified according to their shape and multi-headed or multi-bellied?
skeletal muscle
107
what makes up the cardiovascular system?
circulatory & lymphatic system
108
what drains surplus fluid from the extracellular spaces to the bloodstream and also functions as the body's defense system?
lymph
109
what are the non-neuronal, supporting cells of the nervous system?
glial cells (neuroglia)
110
name of 1* cartilaginous joints
synchondroses
111
synchondroses cartilage type
hyaline cartilage
112
name of 2* cartilaginous joints
symphyses
113
symphyses cartilage type
fibrocartilage
114
what type of joint are intervertebral discs?
2* cartilaginous joint (symphyses)
