Cytoplasm

Question 1

what is the fuzzy coating called?

Answer 1

glycocalyx

Question 2

what are free ribosomes used for?

Answer 2

synthesis of proteins

Question 3

where are RER ribosomes located?

Answer 3

• golgi
• lysosomes
• plasma membrane

Question 4

where are mitochondrial ribosomes located?

Answer 4

20% mitochondrial proteins

Question 5

where are the small and large subunit manufactured?

Answer 5

nucleoleous and released in cytosol

Question 6

ER function

Answer 6

synthesis of organic material

Question 7

which ER is tubular?

Answer 7

SER

Question 8

SER function

Answer 8

• lipid/steroid metabolism
• membrane formation/recycling
• detox
• glycogen metabolism
• Calcium storage

Question 9

sarcoplasmic reticulum is where

Answer 9

SER in muscle tissue

Question 10

RER function

Answer 10

protein synthesis for:

• export
• golgi
• lysosomes
• plasma membrane

Question 11

where does Golgi receive transport vesicles from?

Answer 11

from RER to the cis-face

Question 12

what happens in the cis-golgi?

Answer 12

phosphorylation of proteins

Question 13

what happens in the medial Golgi?

Answer 13

addition of sugar residues

Question 14

what happens in the trans-golgi?

Answer 14

• protein proteolysis
• lipid and protein sorting
• addition of sugar residues

Question 15

what are the 3 options for a vesicle leaving the trans Golgi?

Answer 15

• incorporation of new cell membrane
• lysosomes
• secretion (exocytosis)

Question 16

4 functions of golgi

Answer 16

• modification of proteins
• sorting of macromolecules
• packaging vesicles
• lysosome production

Question 17

what kind of cells are secretory vesicles usually found in?

Answer 17

pancreatic cells

Question 18

what receptor is needed for lysosome destination?

Answer 18

mannose-6-phosphate

Question 19

which destination pathway is common for collagen?

Answer 19

constitutive pathway (cell membrane)

Question 20

lysosome pH

Answer 20

acidic

Question 21

what enzymes do lysosomes have?

Answer 21

• proteases
• lipases
• glucosidases

Question 22

which lysosome has no substrate?

Answer 22

primary

Question 23

which lysosome fuses with target?

Answer 23

secondary

Question 24

which lysosome has lipofuscin granules (undigested material)?

Answer 24

senescent lysosomes

Question 25

what is lysosomal storage disease called?

Answer 25

I-cell disease

Question 26

what is missing with I-cell disease?

Answer 26

- no sorting signal | - no lysosomal enzymes (mannose-6-phosphate)

Question 27

what is I-cell disease presentation?

Answer 27

- abnormal skeleton - restricted joints - hepatomegaly - spelnomegaly

Question 28

which enzymes are oxidative?

Answer 28

peroxisomes

Question 29

which enzymes make very long chain fatty acids and have a H2O2 byproduct?

Answer 29

peroxisomes

Question 30

which enzyme degrades H2O2?

Answer 30

catalase

Question 31

which syndrome has a lack of peroxisomes, no myelin sheath, and early death?

Answer 31

Zellweger syndrome

Question 32

which syndrome has X-linked, impairs oxidation of fatty acids, causes lipid accumulation in the brain?

Answer 32

Adrenoleukodystrophy

Question 33

what is the result of Adrenoleukodystrophy?

Answer 33

- dementia | - adrenal failure

Question 34

what does the mitochondria matrix contain?

Answer 34

its own DNA and enzymes

Question 35

what is the important protein in the mitochondrial intermembrane space?

Answer 35

cytochrome C = causes apoptosis

Question 36

what important granules does the mitochondria have?

Answer 36

electron dense granules (calcium storage)

Question 37

what kind of inheritance involves the mitochondrial DNA?

Answer 37

maternal

Question 38

how do mitochondrial myopathies manifest?

Answer 38

- proximal muscle weakness - extraocular muscles - neuro symptoms - lactic acidosis - cardiomyopathy

Question 39

3 filaments of the cytoskeleton

Answer 39

- thin filaments (actin) - microfilaments - intermediate filaments

Question 40

2 types of thin (actin) filaments

Answer 40

- G actin - F actin (G actin becomes F actin)

Question 41

which actin filament is polymerized

Answer 41

F-actin

Question 42

what forms the cell cortex?

Answer 42

thin filaments

Question 43

where are microtubules NOT found?

Answer 43

erythrocytes

Question 44

which filaments are non-branching hollow cylinders that are polymerized?

Answer 44

microtubules

Question 45

2 proteins in microtubules

Answer 45

a-tubulin | b-tubulin

Question 46

which microtubule motor moves to the minus end and beats flagella?

Answer 46

dyneins

Question 47

which microtubule motor moves to the plus end?

Answer 47

kinesins

Question 48

microtubule functions

Answer 48

- organelle movement - chromosome movement - flagella/cilia

Question 49

what are the different microtubule higher order structure?

Answer 49

- axoneme - basal bodies - MTOC (2 centrioles)

Question 50

what makes up an axoneme?

Answer 50

- 9 doublets of microtubules - central pair - dynein arm

Question 51

what makes up a centriole?

Answer 51

9 triplets of microtubules

Question 52

MTOCs are in all cells except which 2 cells?

Answer 52

- neurons | - RBCs

Question 53

which filaments have no polarity and no motor?

Answer 53

intermediate filaments

Question 54

6 major groups of intermediate filaments

Answer 54

- Lamins - Keratins - Vimentin - Desmin - GFAP - Neurofilament protein

Question 55

lamins location

Answer 55

nucleus

Question 56

keratins location

Answer 56

epithelium

Question 57

vimentin location

Answer 57

connective tissue

Question 58

desmin location

Answer 58

muscle

Question 59

GFAP location

Answer 59

glial cells

Question 60

neurofilament protein location

Answer 60

neurons

Question 61

intermediate filament functions

Answer 61

- spread tensile forces - maintain cell architecture - cocoon for damaged cell - ion channel protein anchor - create nuclear lamina

Question 62

where are the most peroxisomal proteins synthesized?

Answer 62

cytoplasmic ribosomes