Anatomy Flashcards
(122 cards)
1
Q
What 4 major structures make up the urinary tract?
A
Kidney
Ureter
Bladder
Urethra
2
Q
What are the two parts to the urinary tract?
A
Upper, containing the kidneys and ureters
Lower, containing the bladder and urethra
3
Q
What 3 body compartments does the urinary tract involve?
A
Abdomen
Pelvis
Peritoneum
4
Q
What is the difference in a male and female urethra?
A
Female is shorter and more likely to get a lower tract UTI
5
Q
Where in the abdomen do the kidneys lie?
A
Retroperitonally
6
Q
What three structures make up the hila of the kidney?
A
Renal artery
Renal vein
Ureter
7
Q
At what level does the upper urinary tract become the lower?
A
L4
At the iliac crest
8
Q
What other major landmarks are at L4?
A
Umbilicus
Bifurcation of abdominal aorta into right and left iliac artery
9
Q
At which vertebral level is the left kidney?
A
T12-L2
10
Q
At which vertebral level is the right kidney?
A
L1-L3
11
Q
Why is the right kidney more inferior?
A
Presence of liver pushes it down
12
Q
Which muscles are in direct relation to the kidneys?
A
Psoas
Quadratus lumborum
13
Q
What layers surround the kidney?
A
Visceral peritoneum Paranephric fat Renal fascia Perinephric fat Renal capsule
14
Q
Which ribs are associated with the kidneys?
A
11 and 12.
15
Q
Which region of the body do the kidneys lie?
A
Flank/lumbar
16
Q
Where is the kidney clinically examined?
A
Posterior to 12th rib in the RUQ
17
Q
What cavity, where water collects in the supine patient, does the kidney lie?
A
Hepatorenal recess
18
Q
Describe the location of the renal veins
A
Anterior to renal arteries
19
Q
Describe the location of the common iliac veins
A
POSTERIOR to the common iliac arteries
20
Q
Where does the lymph from the ureters drain?
A
Iliac nodes
Lumbar nodes
21
Q
Where does lymph from the kidneys drain?
A
Lumbar nodes alone
22
Q
Describe an infra-renal AAA
A
Aneurysm is below the renal arteries
23
Q
What is the difference in renal artery stenosis when in the presence of an infra-renal AAA and a supra-renal AAA?
A
An infra-renal may be caused by atherosclerosis
While a supra-renal likely to due to occlusion of the renal artery
24
Q
How is an AAA treated?
A
Endovascular aneurysm repair
25
Name some common variations of the renal system
Bifid renal pelvis
| Bifid ureter
26
What two layers makes up the kidney?
Outer cortex and an inner medulla with a capsule surrounding it
27
What structures are contained within the medulla?
Pyramid
28
What structures lie within the pyramid?
Nephrons
29
Name the constituents of the nephron
```
Glomerulus
Proximal convuluted tubule
Loop of Henle
Distal convuluted tubule
Collecting duct
```
30
Name the structures which are involved in urine drainage
```
Collecting ducts
Minor calyx
Major calyx
Renal pelvis
Ureter
```
31
What is the constriction at the ureter called?
Pelviureteric junction
32
What can gather at the pelviureteric junction?
Calculi
33
What makes up calculi?
Calcium salts
34
Why is calculi pain colicky?
Smooth muscle in ureter.
Increased peristalsis to remove obstruction
Wave like pain
35
What is hydronephrosis?
Back pressure not the calcyes compresses the nephrons causing painful stretching of the renal capsule leading to renal failure
36
What may be found on examination with a hydronephrosis?
Kidney enlargement
37
What is the true pelvis?
Pelvic inlet to pelvic floor
38
What separates the true pelvis from the false pelvis?
Pelvic rim/inlet
39
Which muscle can be said to separate the pelvic floor from the peritoneum?
Levator ani
40
What does levator ani do?
Constricts the rectum and bladder
41
Describe the travel of the ureters
From kidney they pass anterior to common iliacs and follow the wall of the true pelvis. Posterior to the bladder and enter into the trigone.
42
Which cavity is present in males, which is the most inferior part of the peritoneal cavity?
Rectovesicle pouch
43
Which two cavities are present in females?
Vesicouterine pouch
| Rectouterine pouch
44
What structure lies immediately lateral to the ureter in females?
Suspensory ligament of the ovary
45
What connects the uterus to the perineum?
Round ligament of the uterus
46
Where does the ureter lie in relation to the uterine artery and the Vas Deferens?
Inferior to uterine tubes and uterine artery.
| "Water under the bridge"
47
Where do all the arteries supplying the pelvis come from?
Internal iliac artery
48
What are the 3 orifices in the trigone?
2 ureteric orifices
| 1 internal urethral orifice
49
What is also present at the internal urethral orifice in males?
Internal urethral sphincter
50
Which muscle causes contractions of the bladder?
Detrusor muscle
51
How is urine reflux to the ureter prevented?
Contraction of the detrusor muscle around the ureteric orifices
52
Which pelvic organ is most anterior and sits deep to the pubic bone?
Bladder
53
What anatomical differences are present in a full and empty bladder?
Full bladder may enter into abdomen
54
What kind of muscle is the external urethral sphincter made of?
Skeletal
55
What is the difference in the male and female urethra?
Female is much shorter
56
Where is sperm produced?
Seminiferous tubules in the epididymis
57
What structure carries sperm into the ejaculatory duct?
Vas deferens
58
What structure is the vas deferens part of?
Spermatic cord
59
What else is held in the spermatic cord?
Testicular artery
Testicular vein
Vas deferens
Lymphatics
60
What two muscle groups are involved in penile erection?
Corpus spongisoum
| Left and right corpus cavernosum
61
Where is semen added to sperm?
Seminal gland
62
When does the vas deferens become the prostatic urethra?
When enters the prostate gland.
63
What is the urethra called as it exits the external urethral meatus?
Spongy urethra
64
What structure does the testis sit in?
Tunica vaginalis
65
What are the two parts of the tunica vaginalis?
Parietal and visceral, with serous fluid inbetween
66
What is excess fluid between the parietal and visceral tunica vaginalis called?
Hydrocoele
67
What structure drains deoxygenated blood from the testis?
Pampiniform plexus
68
Where do the testicular veins drain to?
Left drains to left renal vein
| Right drains directly to vena cava
69
Which structure allows glandular secretions from the prostate into the prostatic urethra?
Prostatic ducts
70
What are the two zones of the prostate and which is most clinically relevant?
Central
Peripheral.
Most cancers are peripheral.
71
Which penile muscle does the spongy urethra sit in?
Corpus spongiosum
72
What is the penile raphe?
On anterior surface
That line.
Scrotal raphe also exist.
73
What is the anatomically correct name for the foreskin?
Prepuce
74
What is the blood supply to the penis?
Both the deep arteries of the penis and internal pudendal artery. Internal iliac only.
75
What is the blood supply to the scrotum?
Internal pudendal and branches from external iliac
76
Where does lymph from the testis drain to?
Lumbar lymph nodes at abdominal aorta
77
Where does lymph from the penis drain to?
Superficial inguinal nodes
78
What do somatic sensory nerve fibres do?
Convey sensations from the body wall to the CNS
79
What do visceral afferent nerve fibres do?
Carry sensation from organs to the CNS
80
What do somatic motor nerves do?
Convey motor responses from the CNS to the soma
81
How are motor responses to the organs carried out?
Parasympathetic or sympathetic nerve fibres
82
On which cranial nerves are parasympathetic fibres carried?
3, 7, 9 and 10
| Sacral nerve plexus
83
All the sensory nerves in the renal system are visceral afferents apart from what?
The urethra while in the perineum is a somatic sensory
84
What divides the urethra into pelvic and perineum?
Levator ani
85
What parts of the renal system are controlled by motor nerves i.e. sympathetic and parasympathetic?
Ureteric and bladder peristalsis.
| Urethral sphincter control
86
Which parts of the renal system are controlled by somatic motor nerves?
External sphincter and levator ani
87
Which kinds of nerves are involved in urinary continence?
Motor nerves
Somatic motor
Visceral afferents
88
Which nerves control both the motor and sensory parts of the perineum and lower limbs?
Somatic sensory and somatic motor
89
Between which spinal cord levels can sympathetic nerve fibres leave the CNS?
T1-L2
| Thoracolumbar outflow
90
Where does the sympathetic chain run?
From C1 to sacral plexus, adjacent to spinal cord
91
How do sympathetic nerve fibres reach the body wall?
Within spinal nerves
92
How do sympathetic nerve fibres reach the organs/muscles of the body?
Cardiopulmonary or abdominopelvic sphlanchnic nerves
93
Describe the route of the splanchnic nerves
They follow the arteries supplying the same structures
94
How does the spinal cord and the sympathetic nerve chain communicate?
Rami communicans
95
How many ganglia are there in the cervical region?
3
| superior middle and inferior
96
How many ganglia are in the thoracic and lumbar regions?
One for each spinal cord level so 17
97
Where do sympathetic nerve fibres going to the kidneys, ureter and bladder travel to?
Leave spinal cord at T10-T12
Enter into bilateral sympathetic chain
Leave the sympathetic chain within the abdominopelvic splanchnic nerves.
98
Where do sympathetic nerve fibres going to the kidneys, ureter and bladder synapse?
Abdominal sympathetic ganglia, at the abdominal aorta
99
What is a periarterial plexus?
Collection of nerves on the outside of the arteries which are post synaptic
100
Where do the parasympathetic nerves supply?
NOT body wall
| Smooth muscle/glands
101
How do the parasympathetic fibres reach the muscles of the hindgut and pelvic organs?
Pelvic splanchnic nerves
102
Which cranial nerve is the parasympathetic nerves which innervate the kidneys and ureter carried in?
CN X
103
Nerves going to which structure is carried within the pelvic splanchnic?
Bladder
104
Which spinal cord levels does the pelvic splanchnic nerve leave?
S2,3 and 4
105
Which part of the tract is involved with somatic motor nerves?
External urethral sphincter
106
Which named nerve controls the external urethral sphincter?
Pudendal
107
Which muscle is contracted in the bladder when stimulated by S2,3 and 4?
Detrusor muscle
108
When does the internal urethral sphincter contract?
In males only.
| During ejaculation
109
Which nerves control levator ani?
S3 and S4.
110
What spinal nerves do the visceral afferents from the kidneys use?
T11-L1
111
What spinal nerves do the visceral afferents from the ureter use?
T11-L2
112
What is the division in visceral afferent fibres in the bladder?
Superior part, touching the peritoneum is by T11-L2
| The rest, not touching the peritoneum, is by S2,3 and 4.
113
How do visceral afferents from the urethra get back to the CNS?
Run alongside parasympathetics and use S2,3 and 4.
114
Which nerve senses stretch in the bladder as it fills?
Visceral afferents
| S2,3 and 4
115
What muscles are used during micturition?
Detrusor contracts
| Internal urethral sphincter, external urethral sphincter and levator ani relax.
116
Where does the femoral nerve come from?
L2,3 and 4.
| Anterior compartment of thigh
117
Where does the obturator nerve come from?
L2, 3 and 4
| Medial compartment of thigh
118
Where does the sciatic nerve come from?
L4- S3
| Posterior compartment of thigh via gluteals
119
What does the sciatic nerve split into?
Tibial nerve
| Common fibular
120
What does the tibial nerve supply?
Posterior leg
| Intrinsic muscles of foot
121
What does the common fibular divide into?
Superficial fibular- lateral leg
| Deep fibular- anterior leg
122
What is the sural nerve?
Sensation to lateral foot
