Pathology

Question 1

What is renal agenesis?

Answer 1

Absence of one or both kidneys

Question 2

What is the consequence of bilateral renal agenesis inutero?

Answer 2

No foetal urine so reduced amniotic fluid.

Causes a squashed face- Potter’s facies

Question 3

What is renal hypoplasia?

Answer 3

Small kidneys.

Still function

Question 4

What are horseshoe kidneys?

Answer 4

Kidneys joined together by inferior pole

Question 5

What is a duplex system?

Answer 5

Either double ureters or double renal pelvis.

Question 6

What is the clinical significance of a simple cyst?

Answer 6

Normally no signficance

Question 7

What kind of cysts evolve in infants?

Answer 7

Autosomal Recessive Polycystic Kidney Diease

Question 8

What is the prognosis of ARPKD?

Answer 8

Ultimately early renal failure

Question 9

What does ARPKD cause?

Answer 9

Dilatation of medullary collecting ducts

Question 10

What are many cysts in the adult kidney?

Answer 10

ADominantPKD

Question 11

Which chromosome is most important in ADPKD?

Answer 11

Chromosome 16

Question 12

How does ADPKD present?

Answer 12

Haematuria
HTN
Chronic renal failure
Palpable kidneys- massive enlargement

Question 13

What brain issue does ADPKD have links with?

Answer 13

Berry aneurysms in circle of Willis which leads to subarachnoid haemorrhage

Question 14

What benign tumour of kidney presents in the medulla?

Answer 14

Fibroma

Question 15

What benign tumour of kidney presents in the cortex?

Answer 15

Adenoma

Question 16

What colour in a renal adenoma?

Answer 16

Yellow

Question 17

What condition is angiomyolipoma associated with?

Answer 17

Tuberous Sclerosis

Question 18

What will a juxtoglomerular cell tumour result in?

Answer 18

Secondary HTN

Question 19

What is the most common malignant tumour in children?

Answer 19

Nephroblastoma.

Question 20

What is the most common malignant tumour in adults in the kidney?

Answer 20

Renal Cell Carcinoma

Question 21

How does a renal cell carcinoma present?

Answer 21

Flank pain
Abdo mass
Haematuria

Question 22

Who is renal cell carcinoma more common in?

Answer 22

60 yr old men

Question 23

Why does renal cell carcinoma cause a raised RBC count?

Answer 23

Erythropoietic stimulating substance is high

Question 24

Where is a renal cell carcinoma most commonly found?

Answer 24

Cortex

Question 25

In what way can renal cell carcinoma spread?

Answer 25

Through to vena cava | Haematogenous metastasis.

Question 26

Where is a transitional cell carcinoma most common?

Answer 26

From renal pelvis to urethra, including bladder

Question 27

What is a major risk for bladder cancer?

Answer 27

Dyes Rubber Smoking

Question 28

What is the most common cancer of the penis?

Answer 28

Squamous carcinoma in situ | Bowen's

Question 29

When SCC of penis looks velvety what is it called?

Answer 29

Erythroplasia of Queyrat

Question 30

Does SCC of penis spread?

Answer 30

Not usually. | Full thickness dysplasia

Question 31

True or False | SCC of penis occurs mostly in circumcised men

Answer 31

False. | Uncircumcised men

Question 32

What virus is penile SCC associated with?

Answer 32

HPV

Question 33

What does a penile SCC look like?

Answer 33

Ulcerating indurated ulcer or exophytic

Question 34

In which profession is SCC of scrotum associated?

Answer 34

Chimneysweeps

Question 35

What is the aetiology of benign nodular hyperplasia of prostate?

Answer 35

Lower testosterone compared to normal oestrogen. | Testosterone lower through age.

Question 36

Which part of the prostate gland is most affected by BNH?

Answer 36

Central gland

Question 37

What is prostatism?

Answer 37

Symptoms to include overflow incontinence, poor stream or hesitancy

Question 38

What are some complications of BNH?

Answer 38

Bladder hypertrophy | Diverticula of bladder wall

Question 39

What is the treatment for BNH?

Answer 39

Alpha blockers | 5 alpha reductase inhibitors

Question 40

True or False | BNH causes prostate carcinoma

Answer 40

False!

Question 41

At what age is prostatic cancer more common?

Answer 41

60+

Question 42

In what part of the prostate is carcinoma normally found?

Answer 42

Peripheral ducts | Espec. posterior lobe

Question 43

Is there a genetic link to prostate cancer?

Answer 43

Yes. | More likely if 1st degree relative is affected at young age

Question 44

How does prostate cancer spread?

Answer 44

Locally Lymphatically Haematogenous

Question 45

Does prostate cancer spread easily?

Answer 45

Yes! | Most have advanced disease at presentation

Question 46

What tests should be requested for ?prostate cancer?

Answer 46

PR PSA Biopsy

Question 47

Why are bone scans important in prostate cancer?

Answer 47

Spreads to bone easily. | Osteosclerotic- white on x-ray

Question 48

How can early prostate cancer be treated?

Answer 48

Anti-androgens or oestrogens

Question 49

What can be a risk factor for testicular cancer?

Answer 49

Testicular maldescent.

Question 50

How does testicular cancer present?

Answer 50

Painless testicular enlargement | Gynaecomastia

Question 51

What class of tumour are seminomas and teratomas in?

Answer 51

Germ cell tumours

Question 52

In who are seminomas common in?

Answer 52

30-50 years of age.

Question 53

What is the definition of a teratoma?

Answer 53

Tumour at a site where the tissues should not be present

Question 54

What marker is used in seminoma?

Answer 54

PLAP | Placental alk phos.