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respiration > anatomy > Flashcards

anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

what is the 3 names for the space between the two 1st ribs

A

the superior thoracic aperture

clinically = the thoracic outlet

(OUT-patient CLINIC)

anatomically = the thoracic inlet

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2
Q

what is the general shape of the 1st rib

A

broad and flat (like the roof of the thoracic cavity)

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3
Q

what divides the two shallow groves on the 1st rib

A

the scalene tubercle

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4
Q

what blood vessel lies in the 1st ribs anterior groove

A

the subclavian vein

further away from the head of the rib

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5
Q

what blood vessel lies in the posterior groove - what else

A

the subclavian artery

and the lowest trunk of the brachial plexus

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6
Q

where dose the right crura arise from - what does it do

A

L1 - L3

some fibres surround the oesophageal opening = prevent reflux

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7
Q

where dose the left crura arise from

A

L1- L2

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8
Q

what is the structure of the crura described as

A

tendinous

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9
Q

what is the central attachment of the diaphragm

A

the central tendon

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10
Q

what are the 3 peripheral attachments of the diaphragm

A
  • lumbar vertebrae
  • costal cartilages of ribs 7 - 12
  • xiphoid processes of the sternum
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11
Q

what are the 3 hiatuses in the diaphragm (from ventral to distal)

A

the caval opening

the oesophageal hiatus

the aortic hiatus

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12
Q

what is in the caval opening, where is it located

A

T8 in the central tendon

inferior VENA CAVA (count the letters)

the right phrenic nerve

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13
Q

where is the oesophageal hiatus located - what passes though it

A

T10 (count letter)
the muscular sling of the right crus

the oesophagus and vagus nerve

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14
Q

what passes through the aortic hiatus

where is it located

A

the aorta, the azygos, the hemiazygos and the thoracic duct

aortic hiatus (count letters) = T12 is between the left and right crura

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15
Q

is the phrenic nerve motor or sensory

A

its BOTH motor AND sensory

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16
Q

what is the phrenic nerves motor function

A

to innervate the diaphragm from its inferior surface

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17
Q

what is phrenic nerves sensory function

where else is the diaphragm innervated by

A

supplies the central part of the diaphragm

the edges are innervated by the intercostal nerves (T7 - T12)

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18
Q

where is the border of the URT

A

the sternal angle

or above the cricoid cartilage

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19
Q

at what vertebral level is the larynx and how is it innervated

A

at C3 - C6

by branches of the vagus nerve

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20
Q

what vertebral is the hyoid cartilage at

A

C2/3

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21
Q

what vertebral is the thyrohyoid membrane at

A

C4

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22
Q

what vertebral is the laryngeal prominence at

A

C5

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23
Q

what vertebral is the cricoid cartilage/start of trachea

A

C6

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24
Q

what is the lung hilum

A

the area on the mediastinal surface of the lung where the lung root passes through

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25
Q

what is the lung root

A

the group of structures that passes through the hilum into/out of the lung

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26
Q

what structures make up the lung root/are located at the hilum (5)

A

bronchi
pulmonary artery

superior pulmonary vein

inferior pulmonary vein

`lymph nodes

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27
Q

what extra structure occurs in the right hilum (2)

A

the eparterial bronchus

and the right bronchus is referred to as the hyparterial

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28
Q

where is the cupular part of the parietal pleura

A

think of cupola

it is the most superior part of the parietal pleura - APEX

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29
Q

what is the nerve supply of the partial pleura

A

pain sensitive - somatic nerves (peripheral, voluntary nervous system)

intercostal nerves and phrenic nerve

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30
Q

what is the nerve supply of the pleura

A

INSENSITIVE to pain

autonomic nerves T2 to T5

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31
Q

what two features does the left lung have over the right

A

a cardiac notch and a lingual

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32
Q

what features does the right lung have over the left

A

a middle lobe

a horizontal fissure

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33
Q

what is a pleural reflection

A

a place where the parietal pleura changes direction

think light hitting a mirror

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34
Q

what is a pleural recess

A

the increased space caused by pleural reflections

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35
Q

what is the most inferior reflection and recess - clinically know as

A

Costophrenic
Reflection + recess

the costophrenic angle

36
Q

where is the inferior margin of the lung on the midclavicular line

A

Rib 6

37
Q

where is the inferior margin of the lung on the midaxillary line

A

Rib 8

38
Q

where is the inferior margin of the lung on the midscapular line

A

Rib 10

39
Q

where is the inferior margin of the parietal pleura on the midclavicular line

A

Rib 8 (2 more than lung)

40
Q

where is the inferior margin of the parietal pleura on the midaxillary line

A

Rib 10 (2 more than lung)

41
Q

where is the inferior margin of the parietal pleura on the midscapular line

A

Rib 12 (2 more than lung)

42
Q

what landmarks does the oblique fissure of both lungs follow

A

beings at T3 and follows the 6th rib around

43
Q

what landmarks does the horizontal follow

A

follow the line of the 4th rib (on the right obviously)

44
Q

what happens to the epithelium of the airways as they get smaller and smaller

A

they become flatter trachea to alveoli

columnar to cuboidal to squamous

45
Q

what happens to the cartilage of airways as they get smaller and smaller

A

the cartilage rigs reduce in size then are GONE on the BRONCHILOES

46
Q

what is the name of the mucus secreting glans that line certain airways

A

goblet cells

line the airways from the larynx - trachea, bronchus, bronchi

NOT BRONCHIOLES

47
Q

what happens to mucus secreting glans as the airways get smaller

A

Mucous-secreting glands and goblet cells decrease

until there is no goblet cells in the bronchioles

48
Q

what two histological layers make up the mucosa

A

respiratory epithelium and lamina propria

49
Q

what is the structure of the tracheas respiratory epithelium

A

pseudo stratified columnar epithelium

break down of words = fake, more than one layer thick, column, lining

50
Q

what is are the histological layers of the trachea from conducting outwards

A

PROBABLY NEEDS UPDATED

respiratory epithelium & laminar propria (makes up mucosa)

submucosa

tracheal cartilage

51
Q

what is half the diaphragm called

A

the hemi-diaphragm

52
Q

what bone articulates with the manubrium at its superolateral angle

A

the clavicle

53
Q

what is the name of the joint between the manubrium and the clavicle

A

the sternoclavicular articulation

54
Q

what type of joint is the sternoclavicular articulation

A

synovial saddle

55
Q

what is the name of the notch formed at the top of the manubrium

A

jugular notch

56
Q

at what vertebral level is the sternomanubrium joint

A

T5

57
Q

at what vertebral level is the xiphoid process located - what about the joint

A

joint to sternum is at T9

xiphoid process is at T9-T10

58
Q

where is the clavicular notch

A

on both lateral sides of the manubrium

59
Q

which ribs form the costal margin

A

ribs 7-10

60
Q

which ribs attach directly to the sternum

A

ribs 2-6

61
Q

how are the intercostal spaces numbered

A

by the rib lying superiorly (above to it)

62
Q

what are the 3 layers of the intercostal muscle

A

external, internal and innermost

63
Q

what direction does the external intercostal muscle run

A

inferio-anterior

64
Q

what direct dose the internal intercostal muscles run

A

inferio-posteriro

65
Q

what direction dose the innermost intercostal muscle run

A

superior - inferior

66
Q

between which two intercostal muscles is the neurovascular bundle located

A

between the internal and innermost

67
Q

from superior to inferior what are the structures within the neurovascular bundle

A

VAN on the costal road

vein
artery
nerve

68
Q

what area of the ribs houses the neurovascular bundle - where is this

A

the costal grove - on the lower side of the ribs

69
Q

what type of cartilage is found in the respiratory tract

A

hyaline

70
Q

what two cell types of cell are found in the epithelial layer

A

epithelia layer = Mucosa

pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium

goblet cells

71
Q

what is the name of the smooth muscle that is found in the posterior wall of the trachea

A

trachealis major

72
Q

what is the name of the Adams apple

A

laryngeal prominence

73
Q

what cartilage is the laryngeal prominence made from

A

thyroid cartilage

74
Q

what is the only bone not connected to another

A

hyoid bone

75
Q

what cartilage is attached to the vocal cords

A

cricoid cartilage

76
Q

how many hyaline cartilage rings roughly make up the trachea

A

15-20 ish

77
Q

what is the final ‘‘ring’’ of the cartilage at the bifurcation

A

the carnia

78
Q

what is unique about the right bronchi

A

its shorter

its wider

its more vertical

79
Q

where is the most superior part of the apex

A

it extends above the first rib

80
Q

which lung is shorter and broader - why

A

the right lung shorter and broader and larger because the position of the heart

81
Q

where do the lymphatics of the lungs and visceral pleura drain to

A

the bronchopulmonary nodes

82
Q

what costal cartilages do the diaphragm attached to

A

ribs 7 - 10

83
Q

what is the purpose of the central tendon in the diaphragm

A

to stop compression of the vena cava

84
Q

what ribs are seen as true ribs

A

1 - 7

85
Q

when does the subclavian artery become the axillary artery

A

At the outer border of the first rib

respiration (17 decks)

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