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respiration > URTI / LRTI - Adults and Kids > Flashcards

URTI / LRTI - Adults and Kids Flashcards

1
Q

what ate the 3 general types of microorganism pathogenicity

A

primary
facultative
opportunistic

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2
Q

what are examples of URTIs

A

coryza - common cold
croup
sinusitis
acute epiglottis

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3
Q

what are some examples of lower respiratory tract infections

A

bronchitis

bronchiolitis

pneumonia

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4
Q

what are the 3 parts of the Macrophage-mucociliary escalator system

A

alveolar macrophages
mucocilary escalator
cough reflex

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5
Q

what does influenzas do

A

causes bronchial epithelium loss

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6
Q

what is chronic (hypoxic) cor Pulmonale

A

hypertrophy of the right ventricle resulting from disease affecting the function/ structure of the lungs

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7
Q

what are the aetiological classifications of pneumonia

A

community acquired pneumonia

hospital acquired pneumonia

pneumonia In the immunocompromised

atypical pneumonia

recurrent pneumonia

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8
Q

what are the 3 main types of pneumonia

A

bronchopneumonia
segmental
lobar

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9
Q

what is pneumonia

A

lung inflammation caused by bacterial or viral infection, in which the air sacs fill with pus and may become solid.

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10
Q

what is bronchiectasis

A

dilation of the bronchi

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11
Q

what might cause dilation of the bronchi

A

sever infection
recurrent infections
proximal bronchial obstruction

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12
Q

when does 75% of bronchiectasis start

A

in child hood

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13
Q

what are the sings/symptoms of bronchiectasis

A

cough, lots of nasty smelling sputum, haemoptysis

coarse crackles, clubbing

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14
Q

what imaging techniques might you used for bronchiectasis

A

thin section CT

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15
Q

what is the treatment of bronchiectasis

A

postural drainage, antibiotics, surgery

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16
Q

how could aspiration pneumonia occur

A

vomiting

oesophageal lesion

obstetric anaesthesia

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17
Q

what are opportunistic infections

A

Infection by organisms not normally capable of producing disease in patients with intact lung defences

opportunistic pathogens

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18
Q

where does the upper respiratory system end

A

the epiglottis

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19
Q

what are some disease that lead to URTO

A

rhinitis
tonsillitis
epiglottitis

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20
Q

how common is rhinitis

A

very common

winter months

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21
Q

what is the treatment for rhinitis

A

nothing really

the conditions is self limiting - review if not sure

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22
Q

what can rhinitis be

A

a early indication of

meningitis
pneumonia
septicaemia

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23
Q

what is otitis media

A

self limiting, mostly viral ear infection

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24
Q

what is the treatment of otitis media

A

anaesthesia with/without antibiotics

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25
Q

what is the treatment of tonsillitis

A

viral or bacterial

throat swab

do nothing or penicillin

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26
Q

what are more than 99% of URTI - what should you do

A

self limiting, if in doubt review

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27
Q

why can croup and epiglottitis often be miss diagnosed

A

both in the same area

28
Q

how common is croup

A

common

29
Q

what is the treatment of croup

A

oral dexamethasone

30
Q

what is the treatment for epiglottitis

A

intubation and antibiotics

peads emergency

31
Q

how commo is epiglottitis

A

rare - H.influanze

32
Q

how can you tell if someone has coup

A

they have a seal cough

33
Q

what is importing about deciding to monitor a child with a LRTI infection

A

don’t treat and reassure

34
Q

what are you monitoring in a child with a LRTI

A

their O2
H2O
nutrition

35
Q

if a LRTI needs antibiotic what should be given

A

amoxicillin

36
Q

what is the prognosis for kids with empyema

A

its good for kids

just give IV antibiotics

37
Q

what is empyema

A

a collection of puss in the pleural cavity

38
Q

what comes under the categories of LRTIs

A

acute bronchitis

COPD exacerbation

pneumonia

empyema

lung abscess

bronchiectasis

39
Q

what is the incidence of pneumonia

A

up to 11 per 1000

40
Q

what are the symptoms of pneumonia

A

mailaise - (general discomfort)

myalgia - muscle pain

fever

pleuritic chest pain

cough

rsut speutum

41
Q

what is rusty soutum a sing of

A

pneumonia

42
Q

what are the sings of pneumonia

A

pyrecia

tachpnoea

central cyanosis

bronchjial beathing sounds

increase vocal resonans

dullness on percussion

43
Q

what would you find on examination of a patient with pneumona

A

bronchial brathung

vocal esonance

dullness on percussion

44
Q

what are the investigations of pneumonia

A

serum biocehm - full blood count

chest X-ray

blood culture

throat swab

45
Q

what are the most common pnemonical disease

A

strep.pneumonia
h.influenza
c.onuemonua
viruses

pneumonococus

46
Q

what is the pneumonia scoring system

A

CURB 65

confusion 
urea (in blood)
rep rate
blood pressure (diuastolic LOW)
age - over 65
47
Q

what is the treatment for pneumonia

A

amoxycillin

clarithromycin

O2 iv fluid

CPAP

intubation/ventilation

48
Q

what are some complications with pneumonia

A

septicaemia

acute kidney injury

empyema

lung abscess

49
Q

what diseases can lead to empyema

A

streptococcus , staph aureus

pneumonia

50
Q

what are the sings and symptoms of empyema

A

chest pain with out a cough

high swinging fever

51
Q

what are the investigations for empyema

A

CT thorax

pleural ultrasound

52
Q

how is the diagnosis made for empyema

A

pleural aspiration (pH<7.2)

53
Q

what is the treatment for empyema

A

chest drain and IV antibiotics

surgery if not improving

54
Q

what is empyema

A

collection of puss in the pleura

55
Q

what might a lung abscess follow

A

pneumonia

56
Q

what causes lung abscesses

A

staph areuas - cavitating pneumonia

57
Q

what are some symptoms of a lung abscess

A

lethargy
weight loss

high swinging fever

58
Q

what are the investigations for a lung abscess

A

CT thorax

sputum culture

59
Q

what is the treatment for a lung abscess

A

prolonged antibiotics

drainage through the bronchial tree

60
Q

what is bronchiectasis

A

the chronic widening of the airways

leading to mucus build up

leading to higher infection risk

61
Q

what are the causes of bronchiectasis

A

idiopathic

immotile cilia syndrome

cystic fibrosis

child hood measles

62
Q

what child hood infection can cause bronchiectasis

A

measles

63
Q

what are the symptoms of bronchiectasis

A

chronic cough

daily (often a lot) sputum production

sometime
wheeze
SOB

64
Q

what are the sings of bronchiectasis

A

finger clubbing

course inspiratory crepitations

65
Q

what are the investigations for bronchiectasis

A

HRCT (high resolution CT)

sputum culture

cystic fibrosis genotyping

66
Q

what are the therapy’s for CF

A

chest physiotherapy

prompt antibiotics for infection

possible inhaler therapy (ICS and beta2 agonist)

respiration (17 decks)

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