Anatomy Of Leg, Ankle And Foot

Question 1

Anatomically what is the leg?

Answer 1

Knee joint to ankle joint

Question 2

What is the proximal tibiofibular joint and the distal tibiofibular joint?

Answer 2

Joints where the fibula articulates with the tibia

Question 3

What bone is the lateral mallelous located on?

Answer 3

Distal end of fibula

Question 4

What bone is the medial malleolus located on?

Answer 4

Distal end of tibia

Question 5

Where is the tibial tuberosity located?

Answer 5

Proximal anterior surface of tibia

Question 6

Where is the Soleal line located?

Answer 6

Runs obliquely on superior posterior side of tibia

Question 7

Where is the pes anserinus?

Answer 7

Proximalmedial tibia

Question 8

What are the 3 categories of bones in the foot?

Answer 8

Tarsals
Metatarsals
Phalanges

Question 9

What are the tarsal bones of the foot?

Answer 9

Talus
Calcaneus (heel bone)
Navicular
Cuboid
Cuneiforms (Medial, intermediate and lateral)

Question 10

Describe the organisation of the tarsal bones:

Answer 10

Talus articulates with medial and lateral malleoli (true ankle joint)
Calcaneus is large is most posterior (inferior to talus)
Navicular is on MEDIAL side
Cuneiforms articulate with navicular
Cuboid on lateral side of foot

Question 11

What are the metatarsals?

Answer 11

Join between the tarsal bones and phalanges
1st metatarsal = metatarsal of big toe
5th metatarsal = metatarsal of little toe

Question 12

What are the articulations of metatarsal 1,2,3,4, and 5 with the tarsal bones (tarsometatarsal joints)?

Answer 12

1st metatarsal with medial cuneiform
2nd metatarsal with intermediate cuneiform
3rd metatarsal with lateral cuneiform
4th metatarsal with cuboid
5th metatarsal with cuboid

Question 13

How many phalanges does the great toe have and how many phalanges does the other 4 have?

Answer 13

Great toe = 2 phalanges
2,3,4,5th digit = 3 phalanges

Question 14

What are the joints between the metatarsals and the proximal phalanges called?

Answer 14

Metatarsophalangeal joints

Question 15

What is the joint between the talus and calcaneus called?

Answer 15

Talocalcaneal joint

Question 16

What is the joint between the calcaneus and the cuboid bone called?

Answer 16

Calcaneocuboid joint

Question 17

What are the joints between the metatarsals called?

Answer 17

Intermetatarsal joints

Question 18

What are the joints called between the tarsals and metatarsals?

Answer 18

Tarsometatarsal joints

Question 19

What is the main joint of the ankle responsible for dorsiflexion and plantar Flexion?

Answer 19

Talorcrural joint/proper ankle joint

Question 20

What is the Talocrural joint?

Answer 20

Joint between distal fibula (lateral malleolus) distal tibia (medial malleolus) and the talus

Question 21

What is the main joint responsible for Eversion and inversion?

Answer 21

Subtalar joint

Question 22

What is toe Flexion?

Answer 22

Toe scrunch

Question 23

What is toe extension?

Answer 23

Toes lift up

Question 24

What is toe ABduction?

Answer 24

Toes move away from midline

Question 25

Which ligaments of the ankles limit inversion and get injured in excess inversion?

Answer 25

Lateral ligaments

Question 26

Which ligaments of the ankles limit eversion and get injured in excess eversion?

Answer 26

Medial ligaments

Question 27

What are the superficial posterior compartment muscles of leg?

Answer 27

Gastrocnemius (lateral and medial head) Plantaris Soleus

Question 28

Where do the 3 superficial posterior compartment muscles insert?

Answer 28

Calcaneus (calcaneal tuberosity) All blend to form Achilles tendon

Question 29

What is the function of the superficial posterior leg compartment muscles?

Answer 29

All plantarflexors Gastrocnemius also flexes knee

Question 30

What are the 4 deep posterior compartment muscles of the leg?

Answer 30

Tibialis posterior Flexor Digitorium longus Flexor Hallucis longus

Question 31

What makes up the boundaries of the tarsal tunnel?

Answer 31

Flexor retinaculum (roof) runs between medial malleolus (tibia) and medial tubercle of CALCANEUS

Question 32

What is retinaculum?

Answer 32

Fibrous tissue that attaches from 1 bone tot another preventing bowing of tendons

Question 33

Pneumonic for remember order of tendons passing into tarsal tunnel?

Answer 33

Tom Dick And Very Nervous Harry

Question 34

What are the muscles that insert at the calcaneal tuberosity forming the Achilles tendon?

Answer 34

Gastrocnemius Plantaris Soleus

Question 35

What are the anterior compartment muscles of the leg?

Answer 35

Tibialis anterior Extensor Hallucis longus Extensor Digitorium longus

Question 36

Pneumonic for remembering the order of muscles MEDIAL to LATERAL for the anterior leg?

Answer 36

THuD u stands for nothing Tom Had a very Deformed Face Tibialis anterior Extensor Hallucis longus Extensor Digitorum longus Fibularis tertius (if present)

Question 37

What nerve innervates all of the anterior compartment of leg muscles?

Answer 37

Deep fibular nerve (branch of common fibular nerve)

Question 38

What is the function of the anterior compartment of the leg?

Answer 38

Dorsiflexion (all) Toe extension (2) Some inversion some eversion

Question 39

Where is Fibularis tertius?

Answer 39

Sometimes present in anterior compartment coming from the extensor digitorium Active in dorsiflexion and Eversion

Question 40

What are the 2 muscles of the dorsum of the foot that only do toe extension?

Answer 40

Extensor Digitorium Brevis Extensor Hallucis Brevis

Question 41

Where do extensor Hallucis brevis and extensor Digitorium brevis originate?

Answer 41

Anterior aspect of calcaneus

Question 42

Where do extensor Digitorium brevis and Hallucis brevis insert?

Answer 42

Digitorium = 2,3,4,5 to Hallucis = 1

Question 43

Where is the superior extensor retinaculum?

Answer 43

Around the front of the inferior tibiofibular joint

Question 44

What is the role of the lateral compartment of the leg?

Answer 44

Eversion of foot

Question 45

Where does Fibularis longus originate and insert?

Answer 45

Origin = superior lateral tibia Insert = 1st metatarsal and medial cuneiform

Question 46

What is the origin and insertion of Fibularis brevis?

Answer 46

Origin = lower part of fibular shaft Insertion = 5th metatarsal

Question 47

What 3 joints are included in the ankle joint?

Answer 47

Talocrurual joint Subtalar joint Inferior tibiofibular joint

Question 48

When is the ankle joint most stable, dorsiflexion or Plantarflexion?

Answer 48

Dorsiflexion

Question 49

What are the medial ligaments of the ankle collectively called?

Answer 49

Deltoid ligaments

Question 50

What are the 4 branches of the deltoid ligaments and which one is the largest triangular/deltoid shaped one?

Answer 50

Anterior tibiofibular part Posterior tibiofibular part Tibionavicular ligament Tibiocalcaneal ligament (Largest triangular)

Question 51

What motion do the deltoid (medial) ligaments limit?

Answer 51

Eversion (anterior tibiotalor, tibionavicular and tibicalcaneal) Plantarflexion (Tibionavicular) Dorsiflexion (Posterior deltoid ligament)

Question 52

Where do all of the medial ligaments of foot (deltoid) originate from?

Answer 52

Medial malleolus (tibia)

Question 53

What are the lateral ligaments of the ankle joint?

Answer 53

Calcaneofibular ligament Posterior talofibular ligament Anterior talofibular ligament (Posterior tibiofibular ligament and anterior tibiofibular ligament are not actually part of the ankle joint but important for stability)

Question 54

Where do the 3 lateral ankle joint ligaments originate?

Answer 54

Fibula (Lateral malleolus)

Question 55

What is the joint capsule made up of?

Answer 55

Synovial membrane Posterior, medial and lateral talocalcaneal ligaments

Question 56

What are the 3 arches of the foot?

Answer 56

Medial longitudinal arch Lateral longitudinal arch Transverse arch

Question 57

What forms and maintains the lateral longitudinal arch? (bones and muscle)

Answer 57

Calcaneus, cuboid and metatarsals 4 and 5, with contraction of Fibularis brevis

Question 58

What bones form the medial longitudinal arch of the foot?

Answer 58

Calacaneus Talus Navicular 3 cuneiforms Medial 3 metatarsals

Question 59

What ligament helps maintain the medial longitudinal arch?

Answer 59

Calcaneonavicular ligament

Question 60

Which muscles maintain the integrity of the medial longitudinal arch?

Answer 60

Tibialis anterior + Fibularis longus (MAIN MUSCLES) Tibialis posterior Flexor Hallucis longus

Question 61

What bones form the transverse arch?

Answer 61

Base of metatarsals Cuboid 3 cuneiforms

Question 62

What muscles support the transverse arch?

Answer 62

Fibularis longus Tibialis posterior

Question 63

What other non muscle supports does the transverse arch have?

Answer 63

Plantar ligaments Plantar aponeurosis

Question 64

What is plantar aponeurosis?

Answer 64

A modified deep fascia that goes in and splits joining to the 5 metatarsals from the calcaneus

Question 65

Where can the Dorsalis pedis pulse be found?

Answer 65

About the midline of the dorsal surface of the foot just lateral to where extensor Hallucis longus inserts it’s tendon to the big toe

Question 66

Where can the posterior tibial artery pulse be felt?

Answer 66

Posterior and just slightly below the medial malleolus of the foot

Question 67

What structure is the posterior tibial artery in in the foot at the point we are finding its pulse?

Answer 67

The Tarsal tunnel