MSK Basic Concepts

Question 1

What are the 3 major components of the Musculoskeletal system?

Answer 1

Bones (joints)
Muscles
Connective tissues

Question 2

What are the functions of bone?

Answer 2

Support
Protection
Metabolic (Ca2+ and PO4 3-)
Storage (Yellow)
Movement
Haematopoiesis

Question 3

What is the function of skeletal muscle?

Answer 3

Locomotion
Posture
Metabolic (glycogen store))
Venous return (Muscles squeezing blood in veins)
Heat production
Continence (not shitting yourself)

Question 4

What is the function of a tendon?

Answer 4

Connects muscle to bone so force of muscle can move bone

Question 5

What is the function of a ligament?

Answer 5

Attaches bone to bone, supports bone attachment to bone

Question 6

What is fascia and what is its function?

Answer 6

Sheets of connective tissue
Functions:
- Compartmentalisation
-Protection

Question 7

What is the function of articular cartilage?

Answer 7

Decreases friction, covers ends of bones where they meet each other

Question 8

What is the function of Fibrocartilage?

Answer 8

Shock absorption
Increases bony joining

Question 9

What is the function of the synovial membrane?

Answer 9

Secretes synovial fluid for the joint which lubricates it

Question 10

What is a bursa and what is its function?

Answer 10

Fluid filled pillows of synovial fluid which protects tendon, ligaments from friction

Question 11

How is bone a connective tissue?

Answer 11

Cells (osteocytes/blasts/clasts, fibroblasts, macrophages, mast cells, adipocytes)

ECM which is mineralised with calcium phosphate (Fibres - collagen and elastic, Ground substance is water GAGS, Pgs)

Question 12

What is a foramina?

Answer 12

A hole in a bone which blood vessels or nerves pass through

Question 13

What is Avascular necrosis?

Answer 13

Death of the bone as a result of a loss of blood supply to the bone

Question 14

What is special about the blood supply to bones in childhood?

Answer 14

The epiphysis and diaphysis have separate blood supplies

Question 15

What happens to the blood supply once the epiphyseal plate has fused stopping growth?

Answer 15

Bone only has 1 blood supply

Question 16

What is the function of a joint?

Answer 16

Connects bone to one another

Question 17

How does Range of movement at a joint relate to its stability?

Answer 17

Higher the stability lower the range of motion
Lower the stability higher the range of motion

Question 18

The risk of what increases with a higher range of motion?

Answer 18

Dislocation

Question 19

How many classifications of joints are there?

Answer 19

3

Question 20

What are the 3 classifications of joints?

Answer 20

Fibrous
Cartilaginous
Synovial

Question 21

List the joint with the highest stability to lowest stability?

Answer 21

Fibrous
Cartilaginous
Synovial

Question 22

Where are fibrous joints found and what feature joins the bones together?

Answer 22

Found joining the skull bones together
Have very limited mobility

COLLAGEN FIBRES JOINING THE BONES

Question 23

How do cartilaginous joints join bones and where are they found?

Answer 23

They act as glue holding bones together
Found at ends of growing bones or along midlin eof adult body

Question 24

Where are primary cartilaginous joints found?

Answer 24

In growing bones

Question 25

Where are secondary cartilaginous joints found?

Answer 25

In adults

Question 26

Describe a synovial joint:

Answer 26

Bones capped with articular cartilage with synovial fluid between them. Capsule surrounds this

Question 27

What are the 6 types of synovial joint?

Answer 27

Plane Hinge Pivot Saddle Condyloid Ball and socket

Question 28

How does a synovial joint develop?

Answer 28

Essentially an interruption in the cartilage model of the bone Chondrocytes in the middle die and the Perichondrium becomes periosteum

Question 29

Describe a 1st class lever:

Answer 29

Fulcrum in the middle Effort and load on either side

Question 30

Describe a 2nd class lever:

Answer 30

Load in the middle with effort and fulcrum on either side

Question 31

Describe a third class lever`:

Answer 31

Effort in the middle and fulcrum and load either side

Question 32

What is the origin of a muscle?

Answer 32

THe fixed proximal attachment point

Question 33

What is the insertion point of a muscle?

Answer 33

The mobile distal attachment point

Question 34

Do muscles only push or pull?

Answer 34

PULL NEVER PUSH

Question 35

What are the 3 types of muscle contraction?

Answer 35

Concentric contraction Eccentric contraction Isometric contraction

Question 36

What is concentric contraction?

Answer 36

Muscle pulls while shortening

Question 37

What is eccentric contraction?

Answer 37

Muscle pulls while lengthening (trying to bicep curl a weight that’s too heavy)

Question 38

What is isometric contraction?

Answer 38

Muscle pulls while staying same length (trying to carry a heavy load)

Question 39

What surrounds a group of muscle?

Answer 39

Fascia

Question 40

What is a group of muscles surrounded by fascia called?

Answer 40

A fascial compartment

Question 41

What do the muscles in a compartment normally share?

Answer 41

Nerves and blood vessels

Question 42

Why do tendons and ligaments heal slowly/

Answer 42

They have a poor blood supply since they are packed with so much collagen

Question 43

What are aponeurosis?

Answer 43

A flattened sheet like tendon

Question 44

What is Hilton’s idea?

Answer 44

A nerve supplying a muscle acting on a joint will be sensory to the at joint and the skin overlying it

Question 45

Is the body segmented?

Answer 45

Yes

Question 46

What genes regulate body segmentation?

Answer 46

Hox genes

Question 47

What type of connective tissue is a tendon?

Answer 47

Dense regular connective tissue