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Anatomy Year 2 - Robbie > Anatomy of the endocrine system > Flashcards

Anatomy of the endocrine system Flashcards

1
Q

what are the names of the main endocrine organs in the body?

A

pineal gland

thymus

parathyroidglands

thyroid gland

adrenal glands

pancreas

placenta (during pregnancy)

ovaries

testes

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2
Q

the pituitary gland sits in a hollow in the skull

what is the hollow called and in what bone of the skull is it situated?

A

pituitary fossa/sella turcica

sphenoid bone

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3
Q

how is the optic chiasm related to the pituitary gland?

A

the optic chiasm is directly above the pituitary gland

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4
Q

clinical: enlargement of the pituitayr gland in disease often impinges on the crossing fibres of the optic chiasm

which fibres form the optic nerve, nasal or temporal, cross over to the opposite side at the chiasm?

what therefore would the resultant visual defect be due to pituitary gland enlargement?

A

nasal

loss of temporal vision - bitemporal hemianopia

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5
Q
A
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6
Q

a

A

mamillary body

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7
Q

b

A

pituitary stalk

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8
Q

c

A

posterior pituitary

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9
Q

d

A

hypothalamus

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10
Q

e

A

optic chiasm

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11
Q

f

A

pars intermedia

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12
Q

g

A

anterior pituitary

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13
Q

what is the larger of the two lobes of the pituitary gland?

A

anterior pituitary

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14
Q

which of the two lobes of the pituitary gland is glandular and manufactures numerous hormones?

A

anterior

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15
Q

what is the function of the posteiror pituitary?

A

stores and secretes two hormones made in the hypothalamus

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16
Q

does the anterior or posterior pituitary stain darker?

A

anterior - darker

posterior - pale

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17
Q

what cells are seen in the anterior pituitary and what colour do they stain?

A

acidophilic (stain pink)

basophilic (stain light purple)

chromophobic (dont take up much stain and therefore appear pale)

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18
Q

whata re the different classes of acidohpil?

A

somatotrophs

mammotrophs

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19
Q

what is the secretory product and target organ of somatotrophs?

A

GH

all tissues

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20
Q

what is the secretory product and target organ of mammotrophs?

A

prolactin

mammary gland

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21
Q

what are the different classes of basophil?

A

corticotrophs

tyhrotrophs

gonado-trophs

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22
Q

what is the secretory product and target organ of corticotrophs?

A

ACTH and MSH

adrenal gland and skin

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23
Q

what is the secretory product and target organ of thyrotrophs?

A

TSH

thyroid gland

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24
Q

what is the secretory product and target organ of gonado-trophs?

A

FSH and LH

Ovaries/Testes

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25
Q

what are the main secretory cells of the posterior pituitary?

A

neurosecretory ccells

magnocellular neurones

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26
Q

what hormones do the cells of the posterior pituitary secrete?

A

ADH

oxytocin

27
Q

what is the blood supply of the hypothalamus?

A

branches of the ICA - the superior and inferior hypophysial arteries

the superior hyophysial artery enters into the substance of the hypothalamus before breaking up into capillaries (the hypophysial portal system). these capillaries then supply the anterior pituitary gland

the inferior hypophysial artery supplies the posterior pituitary gland

28
Q

how does the hypothlamus communicate with the anterior pituitary?

A

special portal blood system - hypothalamus-hypophyseal

29
Q

how does the hypothalamus communicate with the posteiror pituitary?

A

neurons - magnocellular

30
Q

venous drainage is through what?

A

hypophysial veins into the cavernous sinus

31
Q

where is the thyroid gland located?

A

in the neck anterior to the trachea and just inferior to the larynx

located between the level of C5 and T1 and between the thyroid cartilage and the 6th tracheal ring

the isthmus lies opposite the 2nd and 4th tracheal rings

32
Q

what are the 3 strap muscles that overlie the thyroid gland?

A

sternohyoid

omohyoid (anterior belly)

sternothyroid

33
Q

name the two nerves that supply the muscles of the vocal cords and describe their location in relation to the thyroid gland

A
  1. recurrent laryngeal nerve - tuns between trachea and oesophagus
  2. external laryngeal nerve (branch of the superior laryngeal nerve) - lies close to superior thyroid artery
34
Q

form which major artery in the neck does the superior thyroid artery arise?

A

ECA

35
Q

from which artery doe sthe inferior tyhroid artery arise?

A

subclavian artery

36
Q

into which vein does the superior thyroid vein drain?

A

IJV

37
Q

into which vein does the middle thyroid vein drain?

A

IJV

38
Q

into which vein does the inferior thyroid vein drain?

A

brachiocephalic vein (left)

39
Q

most lymph vessels form the thyroid gland drain into the ______ ________ group of lymph nodes

A

deep cervical

40
Q

the hormones of the thyroid gland are stored in _______, surrounded by _______ cells. these make up a ______. within the cavity of the follicle, the hormone is bound to a __________ and is called as ______. during secretion the hormones is re-absorbed from the cavity, and then released into surrounding interstitial spaces

A

cavities

secretory

follicle

glycoprotein

colloid

41
Q

what type of cell do you see lining the follicle?

A

follicular cells

simple cuboidal epithelial

42
Q

what colour does the colloid stain (in a H&E stained slide)?

A

pink

43
Q

what do clear/parafollicular/C cells secrete?

A

calcitonin

Calcitonin is involved in helping to regulate levels of calcium and phosphate in the blood, opposing the action of parathyroid hormone

Secretion of this hormone is controlled directly by the blood’s calcium levels. When the levels start to increase, the body responds with increased calcitonin levels

44
Q

what hormone does the thyroid gland secrete?

A

T3 - Triiodothyronine

T4 - thyroxine

45
Q

the parathyroid glands lie on the _____ half of the ______ surface of each thyroid lobe, external to the thyroid fibrous capsule

most people have 4

they are seperated from the thyroid gland by a think ______ capsule

A

lateral

posterior

fibrous

46
Q

where are the superior and inferior parathyroids situated?

A

the superior parathyroids are situated at the level of the inferior border of the cricoid cartilage

the inferior parathyroids are usually near the inferior poles of the thyroid, though their position is variable

47
Q

what is arterial and venous drainage of the arathyroid glands?

A

arterial supply to both superior and inferior parathyroids is predominantly form the inferior thyroid arteries

venous drainage is via the veins draining the thyroids to the internal jugular veins

48
Q

what types of cells are seen in the parathyroid?

A

cheif cells

oxyphil cells

cheif cells are mor enumerous and have a darker staining cytoplasm

49
Q

what hormone is secreted by the parathyroid gland and what is the action of this hormone?

A

parathyroid hormone:

decreases phosphate

increases plasma calcium

50
Q

what cells does parathyroid hormone act upon and what is their subsequent action?

A

stimulates osteoclasts to increase release of Ca2+

inhibit osteoblasts to reduce Ca2+ dpeosition in bone

increase Ca2+ reabsorption from kidney tubules

increase renal excretion of phosphate

stimulates kidney to synthesise calcitriol from vit D which promotes calcium absorption at the gut and kidney

51
Q

are the adrenal glands retroperitoneal or intraperitoneal?

A

retroperitoneal

52
Q

what are the two parts of the suprarenal glands and what do they develop from?

A

outer cortex - mesodermal epithelium

inner medulla - neuroectoderm

53
Q

what is the blood supply of the adrenal glands?

A

suprarenal arteries that arise from the inferior phrenic arteries, the aorta and renal arteries

54
Q

where does the superior, middle and inferior adrenal arteries come form?

A

superior - inferior phrenic

middle - aorta

inferior - renal arteries

55
Q

there is only one suprarenal vein

into which vein does the suprarenal vein drain?

A

on right side - IVC

on left side - left renal or left inferior phrenic vein

56
Q

what are the layers of the cortex?

A

zone glomerulosa (thin)

zona fasiculata (thick)

zone reticularis - immediatley adjacent to the medulla)

57
Q

what does the medulla contain and secrete?

A

the medulla has large collections of large ovoid chromaffin cells which secrete adrenalin and noradrenalin

58
Q

what are the 3 main hormone types secreted form each of the three zones?

A

zona glomerulosa - Mineralocorticoids - aldosterone

zona fasiculata - Glucocorticoids - cortisol

zona reticularis - androgens

(medulla - epinepharine and norepinepharine)

59
Q

is the pancreas retroperitoneal or intraperitoneal?

A

retroperitoneal

60
Q

a

A

hepatic artery

61
Q

b

A

splenich artery

62
Q

c

A

inferior mesenteric artery

63
Q

d

A

superior mesenteric artery

64
Q

differentiate the exocrine part of the pancreas (pacnreatic acini) form the endocrine part (Islets of Langerhans)

what type of cell types are found within the Islets of Langerhans and what do they secrete?

A

a - glucagon

b - insulin

delta - somatostatin

Anatomy Year 2 - Robbie (17 decks)

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