Head and Neck Week 2 - wet room

Question 1

what is the first prt of the respiratory tract?

Answer 1

nose

Question 2

what are the functions of the nose?

Answer 2

traps dirt

warms and humidifies inspired air

drainage and clears parnasal sinuses and lacrimal ducts

olfaction (smell)

Question 3

What space does the nose continue with posteriorly

Answer 3

nasopharynx

Question 4

what are the functions of the larynx?

Answer 4

open valve in respiration

partially closed valve whose orifice can be modulated in phonation

closed valve protecting trachea and bronchial tree during deglutition (swallowing)

Question 5

Where does the pharynx extend from and to?

Answer 5

base of skull to oesophagus

Question 6

What actions in the pharynx important in?

Answer 6

swallowing (direct food into oesophagus)

breathing (direct air into larynx)

Question 7

What are the 3 parts of the pharynx?

Answer 7

nasopharynx - lying behind the nasal fossae and above the soft palate

oropharynx - lying behind anterior pillars of the fauces

hypopharynx - lying behind larynx

Question 8

Where does the trachea begin?

Answer 8

begins from the lower border of the larynx (lower border of the cricoid cartilage, C6 vertebra)

lies anterior to the oesophagus

Question 9

Where does the oesophagus begin?

Answer 9

C6 vertebra from the lower part of the pharynx

Question 10

Study this image

Answer 10

Question 11

which bone do the bones that form the nasal bridge articulate with superiorly?

Answer 11

frontal

Question 12

What forms the roof of the nose (anterior to posterior)

Answer 12

nasal bones

part of frontal bone

ethmoid bone

body of sphenoid

Question 13

The part of the ethmoid bone that contributes to the roof of the nasal cavity contains the _____________

Answer 13

cribriform plate

Question 14

What forms the floor of the nasal cavity?

Answer 14

formed by the palatine processes of the maxillae and the palatine bones which forms the hard palate

the floor of the nasal cavity is extended posteriorly by the soft palate

Question 15

The nasal septum divides the nasal cavity into two halves, what makes the nasal septum

Answer 15

bones: vomer and the perpendicular plate of the ethmoid bone

anterior to these 2 bones is cartilage

Question 16

deviated nasal septum is common and if severe can lead to obstruction of one side of the nasal cavity

what consequence might this have on drainage form the paranasal air sinuses?

Answer 16

blockage leads to stagnation leading to sinusitis

Question 17

What are the parts of the ethmoid bone?

Answer 17

cribriform plate

crista gali

central plate

superior and middle turbinates

ethmoid air cells

Question 18

what passes through the cribriform plate?

Answer 18

olfactory nerve

Question 19

what attaches to the crista gali?

Answer 19

falx cerebri (fold of the dura mater)

Question 20

What kind of epithelium forms the respiratory mucosa which lines most of the nasal cavity?

Answer 20

ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium

Question 21

the roof of the nasal cavity is lined by olfactory mucosa

which cranial nerve, responsible for sense of smell, innervates this mucosa?

Answer 21

I

Question 22

which plate of bone is lying on the roof of the cranial cavity do axons of this nerve pass through to enter into the cranial cavity?

Answer 22

cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone

Question 23

what is found on the lateral all of the nasal cavity?

Answer 23

three projections called conchae/turbinates

space inferior ro each is called a meatus

Question 24

what is the name given to the space above the superior turbinate?

Answer 24

sphenoethmoidal recess

Question 25

inferior turbinate is a seperate bone, what bone are the superior and middle turbinates part of?

Answer 25

ethmoid bone

Question 26

What is the blood supply like in the nose?

Answer 26

rich arteril supply from branches of the opthalmicc artery (itself a branch of the ICA) and also branches of the ECA venous drainage is via a venous plexus (page 34 in anatomy booklet)

Question 27

what implications does the rich vacular supply of the nose have for a comon clinical condition?

Answer 27

nose bleeding easily

Question 28

What are the paranasal sinuses?

Answer 28

a group of 4 paired air-filled spaces that surround the nasal cavity

Question 29

what are the functions of the paranasal sinuses?

Answer 29

reservoir of warm humid air lighten skull crumple zones vocal resonance lined with same respiratory mucosa - immune barrier humidifies and warms air

Question 30

what is the clinical significance of this fact: respiratory mucosa similar to and continous with that linig the nasal cavity lines the paranasal sinuses

Answer 30

immune barrier same continuous lining as nose so infection in nose can easy spread to the sinuses

Question 31

what opens in to the spheno-ethmoid recess

Answer 31

sphenoid sinus

Question 32

what drains into the superior meatus?

Answer 32

posterior ethmoid air cells

Question 33

what drains into the middle meatus?

Answer 33

maxillary sinus frontal sinus anterior ethmoid air cells posterior ethmoid air cells

Question 34

what drains into the inferior meatus?

Answer 34

nasolacrimal duct

Question 35

due to it being lines by secretory mucosa, it is essential that these sinuses are able to drain freely into the nasal cavity. Unfortunatley for one sinus, its opening is not at its most inferiorly part and therefore secretions form this sinus do not drain well, name this sinus?

Answer 35

maxillary

Question 36

name the air sinus whose floor is often indented by tooth sockets?

Answer 36

maxillary

Question 37

what is sinusitis?

Answer 37

sinus inflammation (sinusitis) is a common condition which can result in blockage of the sinus opening into the nasal cavity subsequently resulting in severe sinus pain. the pain sensation is carried by branches of the trigeminal nerve innervating the sinus

Question 38

name the branches of CN V that innervate the following air sinus: forntal air sinus

Answer 38

V1

Question 39

name the branches of CN V that innervate the following air sinus: maxillary air sinus

Answer 39

V2

Question 40

name the branches of CN V that innervate the following air sinus: sphenoid air sinus

Answer 40

V1 + V2

Question 41

name the branches of CN V that innervate the following air sinus: ethmoidal air cells

Answer 41

V1

Question 42

the nasopharynx lies above the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, which cuts it off from the rest of the pharynx during deglutition and therefore prevents regurgitation of food through the nose

Answer 42

soft palate

Question 43

What bones form the roff of the nasopharynx?

Answer 43

underside of sphenoid and basal part of the occipital bone

Question 44

What important structures lie in the nasopharynx?

Answer 44

colllection of lymphoid tisue beneath the epithelium of the roof and posterior wall of the nasopharynx called the adenoids or nasopharyngeal tonsil the orifice of the eustachian tube lies on the side-wa;; of the nasopharynx level with the floor of the nose. the posterior lip of the opening is prominent, due to the underlying cartilage and a muclse called the salpingopharyngeal arch

Question 45

what is the clinical relevance of the adenoids?

Answer 45

prominent in children but undergo atrophy after puberty when chronically inflamed they may all but fill the nasopharynx, causing mouth-breathing

Question 46

what is the clinical relevance of the eustacian tube?

Answer 46

provides a ready pathway of sepsis from the pharynx to the middle ear and accounts for the frequences with which otitis media complicates infections of the throat