Head and Neck Week 2 session 3

Question 1

what is the function of the larynx?

Answer 1

produces sound and is a protective inlet to the respiratory system

Question 2

with which structure is the larynx continuous superiorly?

Answer 2

pharynx

Question 3

what does the larynx continue as inferiorly?

Answer 3

trachea

Question 4

a

Answer 4

hyoid bone

Question 5

b

Answer 5

thyroid cartilage

Question 6

c

Answer 6

epiglottis

Question 7

d

Answer 7

cricoid cartilage

Question 8

e

Answer 8

epiglottis

Question 9

f

Answer 9

thyroid cartilage

Question 10

g

Answer 10

cricoid cartilage

Question 11

h

Answer 11

cricoid cartilage

Question 12

prominence on which of these cartilages makes the Adams apple in males?

Answer 12

thyroid

Question 13

which of these cartilages is paired?

Answer 13

arytenoid

Question 14

which of these cartilages is a complete ring shaped cartilage?

Answer 14

cricoid

Question 15

the space between the laryngeal cartilages is occupied by what?

what is the name of the membrane between the hyoid bone and the thyroid cartilage?

what is the name of the membrane between the thyroid cartilage and the cricoid cartilage?

Answer 15

dense connective tissue membranes

Question 16

what membrane lies inferior to the vocal cord?

Answer 16

cricothyroid membrane

due to its position inferior to the vocal cords, this membrane is sometimes peirced in emergency situations where acute swelling of the vocal cords (due to anaphylactic reaction) causes stridor

Question 17

what are the structures tht make up the laryngeal intlet

Answer 17

epiglottis

aryepiglottic folds

artenoid cartilage

mucosa between arytenoids

Question 18

the lumen of the larynx is divided into 3 parts, what are there?

Answer 18

1. the vestibule, or upper part, is the area between the laryngeal intlet and the vestibular folds (or false vocal cords)
2. the middle part lies between the vestibular folds and the (true) vocal cords
3. the lower part extends from the vocal cords to the lower border of the cricoid cartilage

Question 19

what are vocal cords important for?

Answer 19

voice production

intrinsic muscles of the larynx control movement of the vocal fold as well as the controlling the diameter of the laryngeal inlet

Question 20

what is the nerve supply of the intrinsic muscles of the larynx?

Answer 20

recurrent laryngeal nerve, except from the cricothyroid muscle

the nerve arises from vagus nerve (CNX) but has a different course on each side

the cricothyroid muscle is supplied by the superior laryngeal nerve, also a branch of the vagus nerve

Question 21

what nerve of the larynx in vulnerable

Answer 21

recurrent laryngeal nerve

vulnerable during many invasive procedures of the neck

Question 22

what would happen if the recurrent laryngel nerve was transected?

Answer 22

unilateral vocal cord paralysis on the side the nerve is cut

Question 23

what is the sensory nerve supply to the mucous membrane of the laryngeal

Answer 23

inferior branch of the superior laryngeal and recurrent laryngeal nerve

Question 24

how do the vocal cords look during:

normal respiration

rapid breathing e.g. after exercise

speaking/singing

Answer 24

Question 25

what forms the roof of the nasopharynx?

Answer 25

base of the skull/occipital and base of sphenoid formed by the underside of the sphenoid, and the basal part of the occipital bone, slopes downward toward the foramen magnum

Question 26

in relation to the larynx, where does the (laryngo) pharynx lie?

Answer 26

posterior

Question 27

during swallowing the bolus of food/drink is directed to the oropharynx and then the oesophagus. what prevents the bolus from entering into the nasopharynx? what prevents this bolus from entering the larynx?

Answer 27

soft palate epiglottis

Question 28

what are the layers of the pharynx?

Answer 28

1. outer muscular lyer 2. middle fibrous layer 3. inner mucous membrane

Question 29

what are the 2 outer muscular layers of the pharynx?

Answer 29

outer circular layer inner longitudinal layer

Question 30

what makes up the outer circular muscle layer of the pharynx?

Answer 30

formed by 3 constrictors - superior, middle and inferior arranged like flower pots placed on inside another open in front at the enties of the nasal, bucal and laryngeal cavities

Question 31

what muscles make up the inner longitudinal muscle layer of the pharynx?

Answer 31

stylopharyngeus salpingopharyngeus palatopharyngeus

Question 32

what does the middle fibrous layer of the pharynx do?

Answer 32

merges with deep fascia of the muscles and fills in gaps between muscles

Question 33

a

Answer 33

superior constrictor

Question 34

b

Answer 34

middle constrictor

Question 35

c

Answer 35

inferior constrictor

Question 36

d

Answer 36

thyroid membrane

Question 37

e

Answer 37

cricothyroid muscle

Question 38

the pharynx recieves innervation from the..........

Answer 38

pharyngeal plexus

Question 39

branches of which 2 cranial nerves form the pharyngeal plexus? and which is sensory? and which is motor?

Answer 39

CN IX and CN X Glossopharngeal is sensory and vagus is motor

Question 40

what is the role played by the contrictor muscles of the pharynx during swallowing?

Answer 40

moves food downwards to the oesophagus

Question 41

what is the role played by the longitudinal layer of muscles of the pharynx during swallowing?

Answer 41

shorten and widen the pharynx

Question 42

what is the role played by the otngue and palate muscles during swallowing?

Answer 42

squeezes food bolus to the oesophagus

Question 43

what is the pharyngeal lymphoid ring (Waldeyers ring)?

Answer 43

a collection of lymphoid tissue that protects the entrace to the oropharyngx

Question 44

what is the purpose of having such a lymphoid ring in this location?

Answer 44

protect against things coming into the body ammount an immune response

Question 45

what structures make up the pharyngeal lymphoid ring?

Answer 45

palatine tonsils adenoids (pharyngeal tonsils) lingual tonsils

Question 46

what may repeated infections of these lymphoid collections, especially in children, lead to?

Answer 46

surgical removal (tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy