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Anatomy > Anatomy Quiz 1 Review > Flashcards

Anatomy Quiz 1 Review Flashcards

1
Q

Uniaxial

A

One axis of movement

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2
Q

Biaxial

A

Two axis of movement

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3
Q

Multiaxial

A

Multiple axes of movement

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4
Q

Degree of movement (fibrous)

A

Immovable

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5
Q

Degree of movement (Cartilaginous)

A

Semi moveable

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6
Q

Degree of movement (synovial)

A

Freely moveable

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7
Q

2 Types of fibrous joints

A
  1. Sutures
  2. Syndesmosis
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8
Q

3 Types of joints

A

Fibrous, Cartilaginous, Synovial

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9
Q

Features of sutures

A

-only occur in the scull
-limited movement

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10
Q

Features of Syndesmosis

A

-bones connected by sheet of fibrous tissue
i.e. forearm bones Lot’s of space between the bones = lots of movement

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11
Q

Fibrous joints

A

Connected by fibrous tissue

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12
Q

The degree of movement is determined by?

A

The amount of fibrous tissue between the two joint surfaces (or the articulating surfaces)

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13
Q

Cartilaginous Joints

A

Joint connected by cartilage or cartilage and fibrous tissue
i.e. cartilage connects the ribs o the breastbone
i.e. the vertebrae are connected by fibrocartilaginous intervertebral disks i.e. the pubic symphisis

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14
Q

Three features of synovial joints

A
  1. Joint Cavity
  2. Articular Cartilage
  3. Join Capsule
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15
Q

Joint Cavity

A

Space between 2 joint surfaces

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16
Q

Articular Cartilage

A

-shiny, whitish connective tissue
-protects underlying bone
-designed to absorb shock (joint forces), allow movement (smooth surface), and o last (very tough) (it can still be damaged/wear away over time)
-no nerves, no blood vessels
-usually hyaline cartilage

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17
Q

Joint capsule

A

-surrounds and lines the joint
-does not cover the articular cartilage
-makes synovial fluid contained within the joint (synovial fluid has the consistency of egg-white, is clear coloured and 5x more slippery than ice)
-friction between the 2 joint surfaces is minimized by lubrication from the synovial fluid and by the articular cartilage
i.e. cartilage connects the ribs to the breastbone
i.e. the vertebrae are connected by fibrocartilaginous intervertebral disks (pubic symphisis)

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18
Q

6 Types of synovial joints

A
  1. Condyloid (Ellipsoid) joints
  2. Saddle joints
  3. Ball and Socket joints
  4. Plane joints
  5. Pivot joints
  6. Hinge joints
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19
Q

Condyloid (Ellipsoid) joints

A

-biaxial
-flexion/extension and Abduction/Adduction (and circumduction)
-knuckle like

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20
Q

Saddle joint

A

-biaxial
-opposing surfaces are shaped like saddles
-concave and convex articulate with each other
i.e. thumb

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21
Q

Ball and Socket joints

A

-multiaxial
-spheroid all surface articulates with socket of other surface
i.e. hip

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22
Q

Plane

A

-gliding or sliding movements
-joint surfaces are flat or almost flat
-most are uniaxial
i.e. acromioclavicular joint

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23
Q

Pivot joints

A

-uniaxial
-rotation
-rounded process rotates within a sleeve or ring
i.e. C1-C2

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24
Q

Hinge joints

A

-uniaxial
-flexion and extension only
i.e. humeroulnar joint

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25
Q

Bursa

A

-sacs filled with synovial fluid
-decrease the friction generated by the motion of one tissue over another
-normal bursa are flat
(The synovial layer is ~1 capillary thick but when inflamed they can be as big as an egg

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26
Q

Bursa are located between

A

-tendon and bony prominences
-tendons and other tendons
-bone and overlying skin

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27
Q

Ligaments

A

-connect bone to bone
-will check a movement - in other words, prevent excessive movement in a specified direction
-movement at a joint is normal - but excessive movement at a joint is potentially dangerous/can cause injury

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28
Q

What are the 2 Joint positions?

A
  1. Close packed position
  2. Loose packed position
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29
Q

Close packed position

A

-the ligaments and joint capsule are tight
-the joint has maximal articular surface contact
-increase in stability- decrease in mobility

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30
Q

Loose packed position

A

-the ligaments and joint capsule are loose
-the joint has maximal space and available movement
-increase in mobility - decrease in stability

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31
Q

Muscles move various parts of the body by?

A
  1. Making the part move
  2. Allowing it to move
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32
Q

Tendons connect___________ to ____________.

A

Muscles to bone

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33
Q

Musculetendinous junction (MTJ)

A

Refers to to the connection between muscle and tendon

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34
Q

Tenoperiosteal Junction

A

Connection between a tendon and a bone

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35
Q

Muscle Belly

A

Central portion of the muscle (the meat of it)

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36
Q

Head

A

1/2 extension of a muscle belly attaches via it’s own tendon

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37
Q

Aponeurosis

A

Sheet like tendon

38
Q

Concentric Contraction

A

-when a muscle develops tension, it pulls on the attachments of the muscle
-when the tension is greater than the resistance, the muscle undergoes a shortening or concentric contraction
- a concentric contraction pulls the two attachments closer together

39
Q

Isometric Contraction

A

-when a muscle contracts against a resistance and there is no visible change in the muscle length (it’s attachments are NOT drawn together or pulled apart), it is called an isometric contraction (isometric: equal measure)

40
Q

Eccentric Contraction

A

-when a muscle is generation force but is unable to overcome the force, the muscle will undergo a lengthening or eccentric contraction
-this type of contraction is effectively used to control movements or to act as a brake to movement
-in this type of action, the two muscle attachments are moving away from each other

41
Q

Origin

A

Attachment that is fixed

42
Q

Insertion

A

Attachment that is moving

43
Q

Is it possible for fixed moving attachments to change?

A

Yes

44
Q

Proximal attachment is assumed to be the ____________ and a contraction is assumed to be __________ unless otherwise stated

A

fixed attachment, concentric

45
Q

Prime Mover (a.k.a. the agonist)

A

-primary muscle causing the desired movement (i.e. quad is the prime mover of knee extension)
-there can be more than one prime mover (i.e. hamstrings for flexion of the knee)

46
Q

Antagonist

A

-the muscle that opposes a specific action (i.e. hamstrings perform knee flexion and therefore the antagonists to the quad which perform knee extension)

47
Q

Stabilizers (a.k.a. fixators)

A

-the muscles that stabilize the more proximal joints during actions of the more distal joints (i.e. low back muscles stabilize the trunk so that hip flexors can lift the leg)

48
Q

Synergists (a.k.a. neutralizers, neutralizing synergists)

A

-muscle(s) that work to assist the prime mover in a given action (i.e. there are big calf muscles that point the toes - there are small ones that have this ability too and contribute in a weaker way)

49
Q

Hip

A

Area between the greater trochanter and the iliac crest

50
Q

Thigh

A

Area between the greater trochanter and the knee

51
Q

Leg

A

Segment of the inferior limb between the knee and the ankle

52
Q

How many bones are in the foot?

A

26

53
Q

How many tarsal bones?

A

7

54
Q

How many metatarsal bones?

A

5

55
Q

Phalanges

A

14

56
Q

Dorsal Surface

A

top of foot (posterior)

57
Q

Plantar Surface

A

Sole of foot (anterior)

58
Q

What are all the bones in the foot?

A
  1. Talus
  2. Calcaneus
  3. Navicular
  4. Cuniforms (Medial, Intermediate, Lateral)
  5. Cuboid
  6. Metatarsals (5)
  7. Phalanges (14 total 3 per toe except for the 1st)
59
Q

Hindfood

A

Talus and Calcaneus

60
Q

Midfoot

A

Navicular, Cuboid, and 3 Cuniforms

61
Q

Forefoot

A

5 MTs and 14 Phalanges

62
Q

Ball of the foot

A

Padded portion of the sole of the foot at the metatarsal heads

63
Q

Dorsiflexion

A

dorsal surface of the foot moves superiorly (foot up) (sagittal plane, M-L axis)

64
Q

Plantar Flexion

A

Plantar surface of the foot moves inferiorly (point toes) (sagittal plane, M-L axis)

65
Q

Inversion

A

Movement of the sole of the foot towards the midsagittal plane (frontal plane, A-P axis)

66
Q

Eversion

A

Movement of the sole of the foot away from the mid sagittal plane (frontal plane, A-P axis)

67
Q

Abduction (of the forefoot)

A

Away from the midline of the body (transverse plane, vertical axis)

68
Q

Adduction (of the forefoot)

A

movement of the forefoot towards the midline of the body (transverse plane, vertical axis)

69
Q

Pronation

A

combination movement of dorsiflexion, eversion, forefoot abduction

70
Q

Supination

A

Combination movement of plantar flexion, inversion, forefoot adduction

71
Q

Sagittal Plane/Medial Lateral Axis

A

Flexion, Extension

72
Q

Frontal Plane/Anterior-Posterior Axis

A

Abduction, Adduction, Inversion and Eversion

73
Q

Transverse Plane/Vertical Axis

A

Rotation, Pronation/Supination and Horizontal Abduction/Adduction

74
Q

When 2 Bones are connected by a sheet of fibrous tissue, this type of articulation is called?

A

Syndesmosis

75
Q

What are the 3 features of a synovial joint?

A

Joint Capsule, Synovial Fluid, Articulating Cartilage

76
Q

Which of the following joints are NOT uniaxial?
A. Pivot
B. Hinge
C. Plane.
D.Saddle

A

Saddle

77
Q

Where there is chance of friction between structures (i.e. tendons), you will find

A

Bursa

78
Q

Sheet like Tendon

A

Aponeurosis

79
Q

What type of contraction is effectively used to control or acts as a break to movement?

A

Eccentric

80
Q

With which type of contraction would there be no observable movement at the associated joint?

A

Isometric

81
Q

What do we call muscles that oppose the action of the prime mover?

A

Antagonist

82
Q

T/F The connection between a muscle and a tendon is called the musculotendinous junction.

A

True

83
Q

What do we call muscles that assist the prime mover?

A

Synergists

84
Q

Which bone in the foot articulates with the bases of the 4th & 5th metatarsals

A

Cuboid

85
Q

What is the most superior portion of the talus called?

A

Trochlea

86
Q

T/F The navicular articulates with all three cuneiforms.

A

True

87
Q

T/F The sustentaculum tali can be palpated approx. 1 inch below the lateral malleolus.

A

False *(Medial Malleolous)

88
Q

What What do we call bones embedded in tendons?

A

Sesamoid

89
Q

Dorsiflexion and Plantar flexion happen along the _________ plane.

A

Sagittal

90
Q

Abduction and Adduction of the forefoot happen around a/an _____________ axis.

A

Vertical

91
Q

which of the following movements is not part of pronation of the foot?
A. Dorsiflexion
B. Inversion
C.Forefoot Abduction
D. Eversion

A

Inversion

Anatomy (22 decks)

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