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Anatomy > Quiz 3 Review > Flashcards

Quiz 3 Review Flashcards

1
Q

Tibialis Posterior Attachment’s

A

Inferior/Distal attachment: navicular tuberosity and surrounding bones (cuneiforms, cuboid, bases of the 2nd-4th MTs

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2
Q

Tibialis Posterior Actions

A

Action: Plantar Flexon
Action: Inversion

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3
Q

Flexor Hallucis Longus (FHL) Attachment’s

A

Inferior/Distal attachment: plantar surface of 1st distal phalanx

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4
Q

Flexor Hallucis Longus (FHL) Actions

A

Action: 1st MTP, 1st IP Flexion
Action: Plantar Flexion

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5
Q

Flexor Digitorum Longus (FDL) Attachment’s

A

Inferior/Distal Attachment: plantar surface of distal phalanges of lateral 4 toes

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6
Q

Flexor Digitorum Longus (FDL) Actions

A

Action: PIP/DIP, MTP flexion of 2nd-5th digits
Action: Plantar flexion

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7
Q

Tibialis Posterior, FHL, FDL tendons pass behind the ________________.

A

Medial Malleolus

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8
Q

What forms a tunnel called the tarsal tunnel?

A

Flexor Retinaculum
(Possible causes tarsal tunnel syndrome: Prolonged eversion/pronation, chronic tendonitis, direct trauma, RA)

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9
Q

What tendons can be referred to as Tom, Dick, Harry.

A

Tibialis Posterior, FHL, FDL

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10
Q

What is the only intrinsic foot muscle in the dorsum foot?

A

Extensor digitorum brevis

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11
Q

Extensor Digitorum Brevis Attachment

A

Inferior/Distal attachment: Medial distal 4 phalanges

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12
Q

Extensor Digitorum Brevis Action

A

Extension of the medial 4 toes

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13
Q

_____________ and ______________ are essentially the same muscle.

A

Extensor Digitorum Brevis, Extensor Hallucis Brevis

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14
Q

How many muscular layers are in the sole of the foot?

A

4

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15
Q

First layer in sole of the foot (most superficial)

A

-3 Muscles
-All attach proximately to the medial process of the calcaneus and plantar aponeurosis
-Deep to plantar fascia

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16
Q

What muscles are in the first layer in the sole of the foot?

A

Abductor Hallucis, Flexor Digitorum Brevis, Abductor Digiti Minimi

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17
Q

Abductor Hallucis Attachment

A

Inferior/Distal Attachment: medial side of the base of the proximal phalanx of the 1st toe

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18
Q

Abductor Hallucis Action

A

Action: abduction of the 1st toe

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19
Q

Flexor Digitorum Brevis Attachment

A

Inferior/Distal attachment: both sides of middle phalanges of 2nd-5th toes
-Note: the tendons split to attach to the sides of the phalanx

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20
Q

Flexor Digitorum Brevis Action

A

Flexion of 2nd-5th toes

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21
Q

Abductor Digiti Minimi Attachment

A

Inferior/Distal Attachment: Lateral side of the base of the proximal phalanx of the 5th toe

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22
Q

Abductor Digiti Minimi Action

A

Abduction of the 5th toe

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23
Q

How many muscles are in the second layer of the foot?

A

2

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24
Q

What tendons are in the second layer of the foot?

A

FHL and FDL

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25
Q

What are the muscles in the second layer of the foot?

A

Quadratus Plantae and Lumbricals,

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26
Q

Quadratus Plantae Attachment

A

Inferior/Distal Attachment: posterolateral margin of the FDL tendons

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27
Q

Quadratus Plantae Actions

A

Action: assists FDL in flexion of the lateral 4 digits
Action: adjusts the pull of the FDL tendons along the ling axis of the digits
-Note: the line of pull of FDL and how it would track medially so quadratus plantae helps to keep the vector more linear

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28
Q

Lumbricals Attachment

A

Inferior/Distal attachment: extensor expansion, and medial sides of proximal phalanges of the lateral toes

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29
Q

Lumbricals Action

A

Action: Flexion of the MTP joints and extension the PIPs/DIPs

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29
Q

How many muscles are in the 3rd layer of the sole of the foot?

A

3

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30
Q

3rd layer of the sole of the foot

A

-There are 3 muscles in the anterior 1/2 of the foot
-2 act on the 1st toe, the other on the 5th

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31
Q

What are the three muscles in the 3rd layer of the foot?

A

Flexor Hallucis Brevis, Adductor Hallucis, Flexor Digiti Minimi Brevis

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32
Q

Flexor Hallucis Brevis Attachment

A

Inferior/Distal attachment: both sides of the base of the proximal phalanx of the 1st toe
-There are 2 sesamoid bones - one adhered to each of the 2 tendons - they protect tendons from pressure during standing and walking

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33
Q

Adductor Hallucis Attachment

A

Inferior/Distal attachment (both heads): lateral side of the base of the proximal phalanx of the 1st toe

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34
Q

Adductor Hallucis Action

A

Action: adducts 1st toe
-Also helps maintain transverse arch

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35
Q

Flexor Digiti Minimi Brevis Attachment

A

Inferior/Distal attachment: base of the proximal phalanx of the 5th toe

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36
Q

Flexor Digiti Minimi Brevis Action

A

Flexion of the 5th MTP joint

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37
Q

4th layer of the sole of foot

A

-Deepest Layer
-Interossei muscles (DAB, PAD)
-Note: when discussing abduction and adduction of the toes, the ‘midline’ (reference point) is through the 2nd toe

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37
Q

How many muscles are in the fourth layer of the foot?

A

2

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38
Q

What are the 2 muscles in the fourth layer of the foot?

A

Dorsal Interossei, Plantar Interossei

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39
Q

Dorsal Interossei Attachments

A

Inferior/Distal attachment (1st): medial side of the proximal phalanx of the 2nd toe
Inferior/Distal attachments (2nd-5th): lateral sides of proximal phalanges 2nd-4th toes

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40
Q

Dorsal Interossei Action

A

Abduction of 2nd-4th MTP joints (DAB)
-moving the digits away from the 2nd toe

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41
Q

DAB

A

Dorsal Abduction

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42
Q

PAD

A

Plantar Adduction

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43
Q

Plantar Interossei Attachment

A

Inferior/Distal attachment: Medial sides of the bases of proximal phalanges 3-5

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44
Q

Plantar Interossei Action

A

Action: Adduction of the 3rd-5th MTP joints (PAD)
-moving the digits towards the 2nd toe

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45
Q

Patella

A

-Triangle Shaped Sesamoid
-Bone in tendon of the quad (Specifically Rec Fem)

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46
Q

Sesamoid

A

A bone embedded in a tendon (usually shaped like a sesame seed)

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47
Q

Patella (Anterior View)

A

-Base (the flat superior edge)
-Apex (the more pointed inferior edge)

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48
Q

Patella (Posterior View)

A

-Vertical Ridge
-Medial Articular Facet
-Lateral Articular Facet
*Facets articulate with the patellar surface of the femur and the medial and lateral condyles of the femur

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49
Q

What are the three articulations of the knee?

A
  1. Lateral condyle of the tibia articulates with the lateral femoral condyle
  2. Medial condyle of the tibia articulates with the medial femoral condyle
  3. Patella articulates with the femur
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50
Q

Available Movements of the Knee

A

-Flexion
-Extension
-Internal Rotation (Limited)
-External Rotation (Limited)
*Rotation occurs ONLY when Knee is flexed

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51
Q

Patellofemoral Joint

A

-Medial and Lateral facets of the patella articulate with the patellar surface of the femur
-Synovial
-Plane
-Patella moves down (inferiorly) during flexion and up (superiorly and laterally) during extension
*The lateral femoral condyle projects farther (anteriorly) than the medial femoral condyle
*This more anterior prominence of the lateral femoral condyle prevents the patella from tracking too far laterally

51
Q

Tibiofemoral Joint

A

-Medial and Lateral Condyles of the tibia articulate with the medial and lateral femoral condyles
-Synovial
-Modified Hinge (because it allows for some rotation)
-Biaxial

52
Q

The __________ femoral condyle projects farther (anteriorly) than the __________ femoral condyle

A

Lateral, Medial

53
Q

This more anterior prominence of the lateral femoral condyle prevents the _____________ from tracking too far ___________.

A

Patella, Laterally

54
Q

Valgus

A

Lateral deviation of the distal bone(s) of a joint
-When knee is fixed and the tibia (specifically the distal end) has deviated laterally (relative to knee)
-a.k.a. Knock-Knee

55
Q

Varus

A

(return) Medial deviation of the distal bone of a joint
-When the knee is fixed and the tibia (specifically the distal end) has deviated medially (relative to the knee)
-a.k.a. bow-leg

56
Q

Lateral Collateral Ligament (LCL) (fibular collateral ligament)

A

-Attached: lateral epicondyle of the femur - fibular
head
-checks/restricts VARUS deviation
-“pencil-like” (easier to palpate)

57
Q

Medial Collateral Ligament (MCL) (tibial collateral ligament)

A

-Attaches: medial epicondyle of femur - medial condyle of the tibia
-checks/restricts VALGUS deviation
-it is a flat thickening of the joint capsule
-the deep fibres of the ligament are attached to the medial meniscus

58
Q

Anterior Cruciate Ligament (ACL)

A

-Attaches: medial epicondyle of the femur - medial condyle of the tibia
-checks/restricts valgus deviation
-it is a flat thickening of the joint capsule
-the deep fibres of the ligament are attached to the medial meniscus

59
Q

Posterior Cruciate Ligament

A

-Attaches: posterior intercondylar area of the tibia - anterior and lateral side of the medial femoral condyle
-slack when the knee is extended and taut when the knee is in full flexion
-checks posterior translation of the tibia on the femur (or anterior translation of the femur on the tibia) and knee flexion

60
Q

Cruciate ligaments are named for __________________.

A

Where they attach on the tibia. (i.e. the anterior cruciate ligament attaches anteriorly on the tibia)

61
Q

Medial and Lateral Coronary Ligaments (Attachments)

A

-Attach the medial and lateral menisci to their respective tibial plateaus

62
Q

Menisci of the knee

A

-C-shaped plated of fibrocartilage attached to the articular surfaces of the tibia
-Centre is thinner than the outer edges
-Slightly mobile and and aid in the spreading of synovial fluid during knee movement
-Function: shock absorbers
-Function: deepen the articulation (provide more stable articulation between the tibia and the femur
-ends of the C-shape are called horns
-medial meniscus is attached to the medial collateral ligament

63
Q

What is the terrible triad?

A

Anterior Cruciate Ligament (ACL)
Medial Collateral Ligament (MCL)
Medial Meniscus

64
Q

2 menisci are connected anteriorly by the _____________.

A

Transverse Ligament of the Knee

65
Q

Menisci of the knee (Function)

A

-Function: shock absorbers
-Function: deepen the articulation (provide more stable articulation between the tibia and the femur

66
Q

Menisci of the knee (Attachments)

A

-C-shaped plated of fibrocartilage attached to the articular surfaces of the tibia
-Medial meniscus is attached to the medial collateral ligament

67
Q

Posterior Cruciate Ligament (Attachments)

A

-Attaches: posterior intercondylar area of the tibia ⬄ anterior and lateral side
of the medial femoral condyle

68
Q

Posterior Cruciate Ligament (Checks/Restricts)

A

-Checks posterior translation of the tibia on the femur (or anterior translation of the femur on the tibia) and knee flexion

69
Q

Anterior Cruciate Ligament (ACL) (Attachments)

A

-Attaches: anterior intercondylar area of the tibia ⬄ posterior and medial
side of the lateral femoral condyle

70
Q

Anterior Cruciate Ligament (ACL) (Checks/Restricts)

A

-Checks/restricts valgus deviation

71
Q

Medial Collateral Ligament (MCL) (Attachments)

A

-Attaches: medial epicondyle of femur - medial condyle of the tibia
-the deep fibres of the ligament are attached to the medial meniscus

72
Q

Medial Collateral Ligament (MCL) (Checks/Restricts)

A

-Checks/restricts VALGUS deviation

73
Q

Lateral Collateral Ligament (LCL) (Attachments)

A

-Attached: lateral epicondyle of the femur - fibular
head

74
Q

Lateral Collateral Ligament (LCL) (Checks/Restricts)

A

-Checks/restricts VARUS deviation

75
Q

Patellofemoral Joint (joint type)

A

-Synovial
-Plane

76
Q

Patellofemoral Joint (Articulation)

A

-Medial and Lateral facets of the patella articulate with the patellar surface of the femur

77
Q

Patellofemoral Joint (Movements)

A

-Patella moves down (inferiorly) during flexion and up (superiorly and laterally) during extension
*The lateral femoral condyle projects farther (anteriorly) than the medial femoral condyle
*This more anterior prominence of the lateral femoral condyle prevents the patella from tracking too far laterally

78
Q

Tibiofemoral Joint (joint type)

A

-Synovial
-Modified Hinge (because it allows for some rotation)
-Biaxial

79
Q

Tibiofemoral Joint (Articulation)

A

-Medial and Lateral Condyles of the tibia articulate with the medial and lateral femoral condyles

80
Q

Pelvis Functions

A

-Protect the internal organs
-Transmit forces from upper body onto the lower limb
-Absorb forces from lower limb

81
Q

Female Pelvis is _______________ and ________________ than the male pelvis.

A

Shorter, Wider

82
Q

Coccyx

A

Tailbone (remnant of tail human embryos have until the beginning of 8th week)

83
Q

Sacrum

A

-Wedge-shaped bone between 2 hip bones

84
Q

Hip

A

-2 hip bones
-Each hip bone has 3 regions (separated in newborn (connected with cartilage) fused in early adulthood (15-20yrs))
1. Ilium
2. Ishium
3. Pubis

85
Q

What are the 3 regions of hip bone?

A
  1. Ilium
  2. Ishium
  3. Pubis
86
Q

Ilium

A

(pl. Ilia) (yellow)
-Large, superior part (2/3rds of the bone)

87
Q

Ischium

A

(pl. Ischia) (blue)
-Posterior, Inferior

88
Q

Pubis

A

-Piriformis
-Sciatic Nerve
-Posterior Femoral Cutaneous Nerve

89
Q

Lateral View of Pelvis Structures

A

-Posterior superior iliac spine (PSIS)
-Posterior inferior iliac spine (PIIS)
-Greater sciatic notch (converted into greater sciatic foramen by sacrospinous ligament)
-Body of ilium
-Ischial spine
-Lesser Sciatic notch
-Body of ischium
-Ischial tuberosity “sitting bone”
-Ramus of ischium
-Obturator foramen
-Inferior pubic ramus
-Pubic tubercles
-Superior pubic ramus (ischopubic ramus)
-Acetabulum
-Anterior inferior iliac spine (AIIS)
-Anterior superior iliac spine (ASIS)
-Iliac crest (runs from the ASIS to PSIS)
Iliac tubercle (tuberculum) (~5cm posterior to ASIS)

90
Q

Obturator Foramen

A

-Junction of ischium-pubis forms the obturator foramen
-Partly covered by connective tissue membrane
-Opening allows nerves and blood vessels to pass through (obturator vessels and nerve)

91
Q

Greater sciatic notch (converted into __________________ by __________________ ligament).

A

Greater Sciatic Foramen, Sacrospinous

92
Q

Medial View Pelvis Structures

A

-Iliac crest
-Anterior superior iliac spine (ASIS)
-Iliac fossa
-Anterior inferior iliac spine (AIIS)
-Iliopubic eminence
-Superior pubic ramus
-Pectineal Line (Pectin Pubis)
-Pubic tubercle
-Inferior pubic ramus
-Obturator foramen
-Ramus of Ischium
-Ischial Spine
-Greater sciatic notch
-Posterior inferior iliac spine (PIIS)
-Auricular (ear) surface of the ilium (for articulation with sacrum)
-Posterior superior iliac spine (PSIS)

92
Q

Acetabulum

A

-The junction of the Ilium-ischium-pubis forms the acetabulum
-Place where thigh bone (head of femur) articulates with pelvis

93
Q

Anterior View Pelvis Structures

A

-Iliac crest
-Anterior superior iliac spine (ASIS)
-Anterior inferior iliac spine (AIIS)
-Iliopubic eminence
-Superior pubic ramus
-Obturator foramen
-Pubic tubercle
-Inferior pubic ramus
-Ischial tuberosity
-Pubic symphysis (a.k.a. symphysis pubis)
-Lesser sciatic notch
-Pectineal Line
-Ischial Spine
-Greater sciatic notch
Sacrum

94
Q

Each ilium articulates with the ____________.

A

Sacrum

95
Q

Ischiopubic rami

A

Combined form of ramus of the ischium and the inferior pubic ramus

96
Q

Inguinal Ligament

A

The boundary between the lower limb and the abdomen
-ASIS and pubic tubercle are attachments of inguinal ligament
-Inguinal region is the depression between the abdomen and thigh (referred to as groin)

97
Q

Hip (Coxafemoral Joint)

A

-Head of femur articulates with the acetabulum
-Synovial
-Multiaxial
-Ball and Socket
-Head of femur projects medially, superiorly, & anteriorly
-Acetabulum projects laterally inferiorly, & anteriorly

98
Q

Available Motions at Hip Joint

A

-Flexion
-Extension
-Medial Rotation
-Lateral Rotation
-Abduction
-Adduction

99
Q

Articular Surface of the Acetabulum

A

-Horseshoe Shaped

100
Q

Articular Cartilage

A

-Covers head of the femur and the horseshoe shaped part of the acetabulum
*Articular cartilage is part of a synovial joint

101
Q

Ligament of the Head of Femur

A

-a.k.a ligamentum teres, round ligament, foveal ligament
-Connects head of femur to the acetabulum

102
Q

Acetabular Labrum

A

-Fibrocartilagenous lip that attached to the bony rim of acetabulum
-Functions to deepen acetabulum (make ‘socket’ a deeper socket)

103
Q

Acetabular Fossa

A

-Centre of acetabulum
-Fossa is occupied by fat pad covered with synovium

104
Q

Acetabular Notch

A

-Notch between the 2 ends of the horseshoe
-Passage for blood vessels

105
Q

Transverse Ligament of Acetabulum

A

-Connects (closes) the acetabular notch

106
Q

Ligaments of the Hip

A

-All the capsular ligaments of the hip are coiled or twisted as they pass from the pelvis to the femur (in a neutral position)
-Extension/hyperextension tightens them further making extension part of the close-packed position and a position of stability in an upright posture
-Conversely, full hip flexion with abduction is an unstable position

107
Q

Iliofemoral Ligament (Y ligament)

A

Attaches: AIIS, acetabular rim - intertrochanteric line of femur
Checks: extension, abduction, lateral rotation

108
Q

Pubofemoral Ligament

A

Attaches: superior pubic ramus - iliofemoral ligament
Checks: abduction

109
Q

Ischiofemoral Ligament

A

Attaches: ischial part of acetabular rim - femoral neck and medial greater trochanter
Checks: hyperextension

110
Q

Trochanteric Bursa

A

-Between the gluteus maximus muscle and the (postero-lateral) greater trochanter

111
Q

Ischiogluteal Bursa

A

-Overlying the ischial tuberosity
-Weavers bottom (layman’s term for ischiogluteal bursitis) - people weaving would have to extend one leg forward then the other - the repetitive position changes put excessive pressures on the ischial tuberosity and therefore the bursa

112
Q

Weavers bottom

A

(layman’s term for ischiogluteal bursitis)
-People weaving would have to extend one leg forward then the other - the repetitive position changes put excessive pressures on the ischial tuberosity and therefore the bursa

113
Q

Iliopectineal Bursa

A

Between the iliopsoas muscle and the iliopubic eminence

114
Q

Pubic Symphysis (a.k.a. Symphyis Pubis)

A

-Joint between the 2 pubic bones
-Cartilaginous Joint (there is cartilage between 2 ends)
-Fibrocartilagenous disc between 2 bones which acts as a shock absorber
-Limited movement
-Ligaments: superior pubic ligament, inferior pubic ligament

115
Q

Sacroiliac Joint

A

-Joints between ilia and sacrum (sacrum is suspended between the ilia)
-Synovial Joints (very strong joint - capsule is strong, ligaments are strong, etc.)
*Does not fit under specific joint category
-Surfaces are irregular in shape and contour (elevations and depressions) which result in. a partial interlocking of the bones
-Limited movement (trade mobility for stability)
-Ligaments: anterior and posterior sacroiliac ligaments

116
Q

Pelvis is held together by _________________.

A

Ligaments

117
Q

Ligaments (and the pubic symphysis) progressively _____________ during pregnancy to allow passage of the fetus through the birth canal.

A

Relax

118
Q

Iliolumbar Ligament

A

-TVP’s L4 & L5 to the posterior iliac crest
-Key stabilizer of L5
-Limits/checks/restricts lateral flexion

119
Q

Sacrotuberous Ligament

A

-Posterior surface of the sacrum/coccyx to the ischial tuberosity
-Stabilizes the SI joint and provides a surface attachment for gluteus maximus

120
Q

Sacrospinous Ligament

A

-Lateral sacrum/coccyx to the ischial spine
-Converts the greater sciatic notch into the greater sciatic foramen

121
Q

What is the only intrinsic muscle on dorsum foot?

A

Extensor Digitorum Brevis

122
Q

Potential cause of tarsal tunnel syndrome

A

Rheumatoid Arthritis

123
Q

What is the most anterior tendon behind medial malleolus?

A

Tibialis Posterior

124
Q

To stretch soleus you need to ___________ ankle and _________ knee.

A

Dorsiflex, Flex

125
Q

What is the 2nd tendon you will palpate across anterior ankle medial to lateral?

A

Extensor Hallusis Longus

126
Q

Tendon sheath surround tendon to prevent friction between tendon and ________________.

A

Retinacula

127
Q

What 2 muscles form a stirrup for the foot by sharing a common distal attachment at base of 1st MT?

A

Peroneus Longus, Tibialis Anterior

128
Q

Boundary between lower limb and abdomen?

A

Inguinal Ligament

Anatomy (22 decks)

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