Animal Development Flashcards
Na (120 cards)
1
Q
Development begins at
A
Fertilization
2
Q
The head of the sperm has a membrane-bound _______ filled with _______
A
Arcosome / enzymes
3
Q
When released enzymes in the sperm digest a pathway through the _____ _______
A
Zona pellucida
4
Q
Where does the sperm bind in the oocyte
A
Zona pellucida
5
Q
When is fertilization complete
A
When the sperm and eggs pronucleus contribute chromesomes to the zygote
6
Q
3 parts of sperm
A
Tail, middle piece, head
7
Q
What is the sperms nucleus covered by?
A
Acrosome
8
Q
The egg cell ( secondary oocyte) is surrounded by a few layers of adhering follicular cells, called the …..
A
Corona radiata
9
Q
Function of the corona radiata
A
Nourish the oocyte when it was in a follicle of the ovary
10
Q
The oycte has an extra cellular matrix termed _____ ______ just outside the plasma membrane, beneath the corona radiata
A
Zona pellucida
11
Q
What happens when the first sperm binds with the oocyte
A
Upon contact the lo oocyte plasma membrane depolarizes instantly repealing sperm: “Fast Block”
12
Q
What happens after “fast block”
A
Depolarization of the plasma membrane
13
Q
What is “Slow Block”
A
When vesicles called Cortical Granules release enzymes to prevent sperm from entering the Zona Pellucida
14
Q
What brings sperm into the oocyte
A
Microvilli ?
15
Q
Once in the oocyte the sperm releases chromatin which forms chromesomes enclosed within the sperms ….
A
Pronucleus
16
Q
After the egg and sperm form a pronucleus what happens?
A
The are surrounded by a Single Nuclear Envelope
17
Q
Process of regulated growth and Differentiation of cells and tissues
A
Development
18
Q
3 stages of Embryonic Development
A
- Cellular
- Tissues
- Organ
19
Q
Stage of multicellular organism that develops from a zygote before it becomes fre-living;
In seed plants, the ____ is part of the seed
A
Embryo
20
Q
Cellular stages of Embryonic Development (2)
A
Cleavage
Blastula
21
Q
Spherical mass of cells resulting from cleavage during animal development prior to the blastula stage
A
Morula
22
Q
The morula continues to divide, forming a _____
A
Blastula
23
Q
The blastula is a hollow ball of cells having a fluid-filled cavity called a
A
Blastocoel
24
Q
The _____ forms when the cells of the morula extrude Na+ into extracellular spaces, water follows due to _______, collecting in the center
A
Blastocoel / osmosis
25
Early Embryonic Development has two main events
Cleavage & Gastrulation
26
Once the blastocoel is formed the next phase of Embryonic Development called _________ begins
Gastrulation
27
This is characterized by an invagination to form cell layers of a caplike structure
Gastrulation
28
In early Gastrulation certain cells push or invaginate into the .....
Blastocoel
29
Early gastrula has 2 layers of cells the outer ____ & the inner _____
Ectoderm / Endoderm
30
The ectoderm gives rise to what
Nervous system & outer layer of integument
31
The endoderm gives rise to....
Lining of the digestive tract and associated structures
32
The pore or hole created by invagination is called...
The blastopore
33
Late 3rd layer of cells is formed in late Gastrulation is the .....
Mesoderm
34
What does the Mesoderm give rise to....
Which layer is it?
Muscle, several internal organs, connective tissue
Middle
35
What are the 3 Embryonic Germ Layers
Ecto, Meso, Endoderm
36
What is the result from Gastrulation:
3 germ layers
37
Nervous system, epidermis / derivatives, and epithelial lining of oral cavity and rectum
Come from this germ layer
Ectoderm
38
Musculoskeletal system, dermis, cardiovascular, urinary lymphatic, reproductive systems
Most epithelial linings
Outer layer of respiration and digestion system
Arise from this germ layer
Mesoderm
39
Epithelial lining of digestive tract and respiration tract
Associated glands of these systems
Epithelial lining of urinary Bladder, thyroid and parathyroid glands
Arise from this germ layer
Endoderm
40
Cartilage like supportive dorsal rod in all chordates at some point in their life cycle.
What is it replaced with in humans
Notochord
Vertebrae
41
Formed by the closure of the neural groove during development. In vertebrates this structure develops into the spinal cord and brain
Neural Tube
42
This region of the dorsal surface of the chordate embryo marks the future location of the neural tube
Neural plate
43
The _____ is a band of cells that develops where the neural tube pinches off from the ectoderm
Neural Crest
44
A primitive gut tube is formed by the....
Endoderm
45
Development requires 3 interconnected processes:
Growth, Cellular Differentiation, Morphogenesis
46
This produces the bodys shape and form
Morphogenesis
47
Define Totipotent:
A cell that has a complete genetic potential of the organism
48
Name 2 mechanics that lead to differential gene expression
Cytoplasmic Segregation
Induction
49
One of the substances present in the egg that influences development
Matenal Determinate
50
______ is the distribution of of maternal determints as mitosis occurs
Segregation
51
_____ is the ability of 1 Embryonic Tissue to influence the Development of another
Induction
52
Cells closest to the ____ _____ become endoderm, those further way become ______ , and those furthest away become _____
Primary organizer, Mesoderm, Ectoderm
53
_____ ______ is the process that enables Morphogenesis
Pattern formation
54
In Pattern Formation, cells of the embryo _____ & ______
Divide and differentiate
55
The task of ____ ______ is to divide the anterior posterior axis into broad regions
Gap genes
56
The products of ____ _____ ______ may stimulate or supress the expression of other genes, particularly the segment-polarity gene
Pair Rule Gene
57
This type of gene ensures each segment has boundaries
Segment Polarity Gene
58
Homeotic genes are often referred to as ____ _____
Selector Genes
59
What is the responsibility of Homeotic Gene
They dictate which body parts arise from which segment
60
Give an example of homeotic transformation
Wings instead of antenna
61
_____ ______ control pattern formation
Homeotic Genes
62
Pattern Formation is an aspect of ________
Morphogenesis
63
Conserved DNA-Binding region of transcription factors encoded by the homeobox of Homeotic Genes
Homeodomain
64
Homeotic Genes code for _____ ______
Transcription Factors
65
Proteins that bind to regulatory regions of DNA & Determine if specific genes are active or not
Transcription Factors
66
The ________ is the DNA binding portion of the transcription factor
Homeodomain
67
Mutations in a different HOX gene cause _________, a rare condition in which there are extra fingers and toes
Synpolydactyly
68
Define Morphogen
Protiens that diffuse away from the areas of high concentration in the embryo; forming gradients that influence patterns of tissues
69
Cytoplasmic segregation is responsible for
Polarity: assigning a head assigning a head and a tail / a top or a bottom to the cell
70
Define Gastrula
an embryo at the stage following the blastula, when it is a hollow cup-shaped structure having three layers of cells.
71
Define pattern formation
the developmental process by which cells acquire different identities, depending on their relative spatial positions within the embryo. Pattern formation ensures that tissues and organs develop in the correct place and orientation within the body.
72
What is pattern formation?
the developmental process by which cells acquire different identities, depending on their relative spatial positions within the embryo.
73
What is fertilization and Implantation in the endometrium called
Conception
74
What is Parturition
Giving birth
75
How long is Embryonic Development
How long is fetal Development
1 - 2 months
3 - 9 months
76
When are the major organs formed
Embryonic Development
77
What is the chorion
Contributes to the placenta in mammals
78
What is the Amnion
Forms a fluid filled sac of amniotic fluid
79
What is the Allantois
Contributes to the umbilical blood vessels in mammals, collects nitrogen waste
80
What is the yolk sac
First site for blood cell formation
81
What is the placenta
An organ that provided nourishment & oxygen / takes it away
82
The blood vessels of the _______ Accumlate the small amount of urine produced
Allantois
83
How long after fertilization is Clevage?
Morula?
Blastual
30 hrs
3 days
5th day
84
Where does the embryo implant itself
Uterine lining
85
The single layer of outer cells to a blastcyst is called the ....
Trophoblast
86
Early function of the Trophoblast is ....
Nourishment
87
The embedding of an embryo at the blastocyst stage into the endometrium is called
Implantation
88
About when does Gastrulation occur?
2nd week
89
Inner cell mass flattens out to become...
Name it's first 2 layers
Embryonic Disk
Ecto and Endo Derm
90
The embryonic Disk elongate to become ______ ______ & the third layer called the ______ forms.
Primitive Steak / Mesoderm
91
Umbilical Cord Transports waste material to the
Placenta
92
List events at the 3 stages of birth
1. Cervix dilates and Amnion burst out
2. Born & umbilical cord cut
3. Placenta Delivered
93
What are telomeres and what do they do?
how do they affect aging.
Telomeres are the DNA sequences at the end of chromosomes.
They protect the chromosomes from deterioration
Most cells can only divide a limited number of times.
But the enzyme telomerase allows the telomeres to regrow, allowing them to divide more
94
How do stem cells and cancer divide forever?
The enzyme telomerase lengthens the telomere allow for more division
95
2 types of cellular damage
Accumulation of harmful DNA
Cross linking of proteins such as collagen
96
How does aging affect the integumentry system?
Skin is thinner and less elastic due to collagen fibers cross linking with eachother
97
How does aging affect the cardiovascular system
Atherosclerosis
Weaking of heart muscle
Maximum heart rate decreases
98
How does aging affect the immune system
Less T cells due to the Thymus involuting
B cells response also declines due to the lack of T cells
99
How does aging affect the Reproductive system
| Males and females
Males: Lower Testosterone
Females: Menopause
100
During menopause the Ovaries become unresponsive to _______ _______ produced by the anterior pituitary
Gonadotropin hormones
101
What happens to the Ovaries when they are unresponsive to Gonadotropin hormones
They no longer secret estrogen or progesterone
102
How does involution of the thymus lead to decreased response to vaccines in older people
Less T cells are produced, the T cells is needed to stimulate the B cells ( which produces Antibodies)
103
Define Menopause and explain why it happens
Menopause is when the Ovarian and Uterine cycle stop. This is due to the Ovaries becoming unresponsive to Gonadotropic hormones from the anterior pituitary.
Thus estrogen and progesterone secretion stops
104
2 hypothesis of aging and examples of each
Preprogrammed Theory suggest aging is partly geneticly programmed; Single gene mutations
Damage accumulation theories suggest aging is due to cellular Damage of Free radicals, Cross Linking, and DNA mutations
105
During the Morula and Blastula stages the organism is referred to as a(n)
Embryo
106
Invagination of cells into the blastocoel is called
Gastrulation
107
What controls pattern formation
Homeotic Genes
108
Homeotic Genes all contain ....
A homeobox
109
What is a homeobox
A shared nucleotide sequence that codes for a sequence of 60 amino acids called a homeodomain
110
A shared nucleotide sequence of 60 amino acids is called a
Homeodomain
111
The portion of the protein that binds to DNA
Homeodomain
112
The morula becomes the ______ before implanting in the _____ of the uterus
Blastocyst / endometrium
113
The morula becomes the ______ before implanting in the _____ of the uterus
Blastocyst / endometrium
114
The ______ of the blastocyst is the first sign of the chorion
Trophoblast
115
After Implantation the trophoblast secrets ______ which maintains the corpus luteum and is also the basis of pregnancy testing
HCG (Human Chorionic Gonadotropin)
116
How does the fetus recieve nutrients from the mother
Name the feature of the organ that aids in this
Exchanges between the blood
Facilitated by Chorionic Villi
117
What 2 features form the Umbilical Cord
Yolk Sac and Allantois
118
Organ development begins with the _____ and the formation of the ______
Neural tube/ Heart
119
Insertion a needle into amniotic fuild to check for birth defects
Amniocentesis
120
Chorioni villi sample allows...
The embryo to be tested for anomalies
