Cell Cycle Flashcards
Na
1
Q
Does mitosis produce identical cells
A
Yes
2
Q
Cytokinesis: Define
A
Division of the cytoplasm
3
Q
Mitotic stage includes
A
Mitosis
Cytokenesis
4
Q
When does DNA replicate which phase
A
S
5
Q
Which protien is DNA associated with
A
Histones
6
Q
DNA and histones are collectively called
A
Chromatin
7
Q
Histones are responsible for:
A
Condensing the DNA inside the cell
8
Q
DNA wound around a histone is called and has a bead like appearance
A
Nucleosome
9
Q
What is the inactive form of DNA
A
HetroChromatin
10
Q
Do all species have the same number of chromosomes
A
No
11
Q
How many chromosomes do humans have
A
46
12
Q
This includes 2 sets of chromosomes abbreviated as 2n
A
Diploid
13
Q
How many different types of chromosomes do humans have
A
23
14
Q
Gametes are:
A
Sex cells / haploid
15
Q
How many total chromosomes do haploid have
A
23
16
Q
During this phase the cell prepares for divison
A
Interphase
17
Q
Sister chromatids attached at the centromere happens at the end of this phase
A
S Phase
18
Q
Chromatids are held together where
To form what?
A
Centromere
Chromosome
19
Q
Centrosomes are composed of
A
2 Centrioles
20
Q
What organises mitotic spindle
A
Centrosomes
21
Q
Prophase
A
Gets nucleus ready to divide
22
Q
When does chromatin condense
A
Prophase
23
Q
When does the nucleous disappear
A
Prophase
24
Q
True or false: in Prophase Spindles begin to assemble
A
True
25
In animal cells, microtubuled form star-like arrays termed
Asters
26
Which phase are the chromosomes pulled around by kinetochore fibers
Metaphase
27
What is the metaphase plane?
The plane through which the mother cell wil divide
28
Centromere dissolves, releasing sister chromatids. In this phase
Anaphase
29
When do sister chromatids separate?
Anaphase
30
Sister chromatids which have been pulled apart are called?
Daughter chromosomes
31
When are daughter chromosomes pulled apart, which phase?
Anaphase
32
The spindle disappears in this phase
Telophase
33
_____ ______ forms around daughter chromosomes in telophase
Nuclear envelope
34
Division of the cytoplasm requires ______
Cytokinesis
35
Define cell cycle
An ordered sequence if events that involve cell growth and nuclear division
35
Define cell cycle
An ordered sequence if events that involve cell growth and nuclear division
36
Name the stages of the cell cycle
G¹, S, G² and M
37
The cell cycle is ordered stages that take place between the time the cell _____ and the time the resulting ______ _______ also divide
Divide / Daughter Cells
38
What are the stages of interphase
G¹, S, G², M
39
What are the stages of the mitotic phase
Mitosis and cytokinesis
40
Cells spend most of their time in which phase?
Interphase
41
When are the check points in Mitosis
What are they looking for
What will happen if they don't pass the check points
G¹,G², and M
If DNA is Damaged, Replicated Correctly, If chromosomes are not properly aligned
Apoptosis
42
What happens in G¹ phase?
Cells grow, multiply mitochondria and ribosomes, and carry out normal cellular functions
43
What are normal cellular functions (3)
Communication, secreting substances, and cellular respiration
44
What does interphase consist of?
G¹,S,G²
45
Cells that don't complete the cell cycle enter which phase after interphase?
Give an example of these cells
G⁰
Muscle and nerve cells
46
What happens during S phase
DNA synthesis
47
Chromatid Define:
What do Chromatids make
A single double helix of DNA
Identical Sister Chromatids
48
Sister Chromatids: Define
What are they the result of
Where are they attached
One of two identical chromosomal units
Mitotic DNA replication
Centromere
49
During this phase the cell makes protiens that form microtubules
G²
50
What is the function of Microtubules
Which phase are these used in
They form the Mitotic Spindles
used in M phase
51
Enzymes for mitosis are produced during this phase
G²
52
This is the stage in which nuclear division occurs.
Mitosis
53
The process in which a parent nucleus produces 2 daughter nuceli
Nuclear division
54
During mitosis chromosomes are distributed by _____ _____ to two daughter nuclei
Mitotic Spindles
55
A hormone or chemical, secreted by one cell that may stimulate or inhibit the growth of another cell or cells.
Growth Factor
56
Protein that cycles in quantity as the cell cycle progresses, combines and actives Kinases that promote the events of the cell cycle
Cyclin
57
Growth signals that promote cell division cause ______ ______ ______ to add a phosphate group to the ____ _____ protein, a major regulator in G¹ checkpoint
Cyclin-dependant-kinase
RB protein
58
To continue with cell division in G¹ _______ binds to __ __ protein and _____ is released and it binds to the DNA.
Phosphate / RB / E2F
59
This protein is involved in the Quality Control of DNA
P53
60
Contributing factors in cell cycle regulation (3)
Growth factors, size of cell, nutritional state of cell
61
Type of division for somatic cells
Mitosis
62
Nucleosomes are joined together by ____ ______
Linker DNA
63
Euchromatin
Chromatin with a lower level of compaction therefore accessible for transcription
64
Which type of chromatin is active
Which is not
Euchromatin
Hetrochromatin
65
Liat the stages of chromosomes compacting starting with a single strand of DNA
Single DNA strand wraps around a histone
3D zig zagging structures with binding proteins are formed
Radial loops are formed as coiling occurs
Radial loops compact to hetrochromatin
Metaphase chromosome forms
66
What is cytokinesis
The division of the cytoplasm
67
Gamete cells are aka as
Haploid cells
68
Kinetochore
Assembly protein that attaches to the centromere
69
Centriole
Where does it exist
Cell structure helps organize mitotic spindles for chromosome movement during animal cell division
Centrosome
70
What is the mitotic spindle constructed of
Microtubules
71
Half the diploid number is called
Haploid
72
The main Microtubule organization center in the cell
Centrosome
73
The centrosome contains two _____
Centrioles
74
Microtubules are hollow cylinders made up of the protein ....
Tubulin
75
During this phase of mitosis the nuclear envelope breaks down and the nucleus disappears.
Spindles begin to assemble as the two centrosomes move away from eachother
Prophase
76
During this phase Kinetochores appear on each end of the centromere. Attaching sister chromatids to the kinetochore spindle fibers
Even though the chromosomes are are attached to spindle fibers they are not in alignment
Prometaphase
77
In this phase the centrosomes of the chromosomes are in alignment
What is the name of the location of the alignment
Metaphase
Metaphase Plate
78
At the start of _______ the two sister chromatids of each duplicated chromosome separate at the centromere, giving rise to ___ ______ _______
Anaphase/ Two daughter Chromosomes
79
Which is the shortest phase in Mitosis
Anaphase
80
Name the microtubual proteins involved in the sliding process of Anaphase
Motor molecules Kinesin & Dynein
81
During this phase the spindles disappear and the nuclear envelope forms around the daughter chromosomes
Telophase
82
In which phase does Cytokinesis start in animal cells.
What is the name of the event that happens
Anaphase (near the end)
Cleavage furrow
83
What is the cell plate
Structure across a dividing plant cell that signals the location of the new plasma membrane and cell wall
84
Characteristics of cancer cells
Lack Differentiation ( do not specialize)
Abnormal Nuclei, ie extra chromosomes
Do not under go apoptosis
Form tumors
Undergo metasis
85
Define metasis
Spread of cancer from one area to another
86
Angiogenesis
Formation of new blood vessels
87
Which types of genes are affected by cancer
Proto-oncogenes
Tumor suppressor genes
88
What are Proto-oncogenes and Tumor Suppressor genes
Proto-oncogenes Code for proteins and prevent apoptosis ( Gas Pedal )
Tumor- Suppressor genes: Code for proteins that inhibit the cell cycle and promotes apoptosis ( Breaks )
89
Difference between maligrnant and benign tumors
Malignant tumors enter cell circulation and lodge in other tissues
Benign stay put
90
Compare and contrast effect on the cell cycle of a mutation in a Proto-oncogenes and a mutation in a tumor Suppressor gene
Cell commits to cell division even in the absence of proper stimulus
Cell fails to stop dividing because the proper stimulus to stop are absent.
91
Define Centrosomes
an organelle near the nucleus of a cell which contains the centrioles (in animal cells) and from which the spindle fibers develop in cell division.
92
Define Centrosomes
an organelle near the nucleus of a cell which contains the centrioles (in animal cells) and from which the spindle fibers develop in cell division.
93
RB protiens
Definition
Function
Rb protein is a tumor suppressor, which plays a pivotal role in the negative control of the cell cycle and in tumor progression. It has been shown that Rb protein (pRb) is responsible for a major G1 checkpoint, blocking S-phase entry and cell growth.
94
Asexual Reproduction Produces
Genetically identical offspring
95
Where is the DNA found in prokaryotic cells
Nucleoid
96
How do prokaryotes reproduce
Binanry Fission
97
What does Fission mean
Division
98
What distributes the daughter chromosomes to the daughter nuclei
Mitotic Spindle
99
*The cell cycle of a eukaryotic cell included
Interphase & Mitotic Phase ( mitosis and cytokinesis)
100
Meiosis reduces the number if chromosomes from ____ to ______
Diploid to haploid
101
Meiosis produces which type of cell associated with sexual reproduction
Gametes
102
A diploid cell resulting from the fusion of two haploid gamates, a fertilized ovum
Zygote
103
2 pieces of DNA in a Diploid organism which carry the same genes, one from each parental source
Homologous Chromosomes
104
A variation of a gene is called
Allele
105
What is a picture of chromosomes called
Karyotype
106
Mitosis requires ___ cell divisions and results in ___ daughter cells
2 / 4
107
During meiosis 1, a _____ _______ forms, allowing the homologoues to undergo ______, resulting in a ______
Synaptonemal complex / synapsis / blvalent
108
During metaphase I, bivalents are held together by...
Chiasmata
109
During _____ the sister chromatids separate becoming daughter chromosomes
Anaphase II
110
At the end of telophase II there are this many cells _____
4 haploid cells
111
Describe the difference between the chromosomal combination of a cell at metaphase I & II
Metaphase I homologous chromosomes pairs align at the Metaphase plate
Metaphase II Single chromosomes align at tye Metaphase Plate
112
This process is defined as reductive division
Meiosis
113
This process requires 2 nuclear divisions
Meiosis
114
What do mitosis and meiosis produce
2 identical cells / 4 different cells
115
What occurs in prophase I
Synapsis and crossing over
116
Homologoues align independently in this phase
Metaphase I
117
Homologous chromosomes are also known as
Bivalents
118
During the _____ stage of meiosis, bivalents independently align at the metaphase plate
Metaphase I
119
Compare Meiosis I with Mitosis
Prophase I
Meiosis I : pairing of homologous chromosomes
Mitosis: no pairing of chromosomes
120
Compare Meiosis I with Mitosis
Metaphase
Meiosis I: Bivalents at metaphase plate
Mitosis: Duplicated chromosomes at metaphase plate
121
Compare Meiosis I with Mitosis
Anaphase
Meiosis I: Homologoues of each bivalent separate & duplicated chromosomes move to poles
Mitosis: sister chromatids separate, becoming daughter chromosomes moving to the poles
122
Compare Meiosis I with Mitosis
Telophase
Meiosis I: 2 haploid daughter cells non identical
Mitosis: 2 diploid daughter cells. Identical to parent
123
Is a zygote diploid or haploid
Diploid
124
Where does oogenesis occur?
Ovaries
125
Compare the number of gametes produced by oogenesis and spermmatogenisis
Oogenesis prodces 1 egg cell and 2 -3 Polar bodies
Spermatogenisis produces 4 sperm cells
126
Define Nondisjunction
When chromosomes dont separate during mitosis/ meiosis
127
Euploidy Define:
A condition in which the cell contains the correct number of chromosomes
128
Aneuploidy define
Condition in which there is a wrong number of chromosomes
129
Name 2 states of Aneuploidy
Monosomy and trisomy
130
Define Monosomy and Trisomy
Diploid cell has 1 less chromosome
Diploid cell has 1 extra chromosome
131
Primary Non Disjunction occurs when...
Both members of a homologous pair go into the same Daughter cell
132
Secondary NonDisjunction occurs when...
Meiosis II sister chromatids fail to separate and both daughter chromosomes go into the same gamate
133
Which has more serious effects Primary or Secondary Non Disclosure. Why?
Primary, no normal gamates are produced
134
Which is the only trisomal condition viable beyond early childhood?
Trisomy 21
135
In which type of cell is a mono/trisomal condition most serious?
Somatic
136
Trisomy 21 is also known as
Downs syndrome
137
Turners syndrome has which sex chromosomes
1 X also written as XO
138
In klinefelters syndrome what are the sex chromosomes
XXY
139
This sex chromosomes condition is described as: Females short, broad chest, widly nipples, neck webbing, under developed reproductive area.
Turners Syndrome
140
The extra X chromosome in Klinfelters syndrome becomes a
Barr body
141
This sex chromosome disease characteristics are: testies and Prostate are under developed, No facial hair, long arms and big hands
Klinefelters syndrome
142
True or false: no matter how many X chromosomes you have the presence of a Y makes you a male.
True
143
What are the symbols for female and male sex chromosomes
XX / XY
144
Jacobs syndrome: what are the sex chromosomes symbols ____ is there a difference in behavior from normal people
XYY
No they are normal
145
A translocation will result in...
Miscarriage or severe problems
146
Down syndrome can be caused by...
Nondisjunction or hereditary
147
Changes in chromosome structure can be detected by
Karyotype or study of inheritance
148
Williams syndrome is which type of chromosomes problem
How are they mentally
Deletion
Poor academics / great verbally or musical
149
Cri de chat syndrome results in ______ & _____ stemming from the missing end piece of chromosome #____
Small head / decreased inteligencia
5
150
A translocated chromosome is what?
When part of a chromosome is switched from one to another
151
Chronic myeloid leukemia stems from what
Translocation of chromosomes 22 & 9
152
Why is sex chromosome Aneuploidy more common than autosome aneuploidy
Because only 1 x chromosome is active, any extra X chromosomes will become Barr Body
153
Cytokinesis in a plant cell begins with a ....
Cell plate
154
In flowering plants the ______ _____ retains the ability to divide throughout life
Meristematic tissue
155
Apoptosis is caused by enzymes called ....
Caspases
156
* Apoptosis Diagram on test
Make flashcards of all cells
157
2 types of stem cells
Embroynic & adult
158
2 types of stem cell therapy, which types of stem cells do each require
Therapeutic Cloning: (tissue production) Adult or Embryonic
Reproductive Cloning: (New Individual) Embryonic
159
Prokaryotic DNA is what shape
Ring
160
When a gamate forms the parent cell can only give 1 of 2 possible alleles
Law of independent assortment
161
The nuclear envelope dismantles and mitotic spindle begins to form during
Prophase
162
In _____ the nuclear envelope begins to reappear and the mitotic spindle is disassembled as chromesomes decondense
Telophase
163
Towards the end of mitosis, an animal cell begins to pinch in 2 when a ______ belt of ____ filaments forms
Contractile / actin
164
Plants begin cytokinesis by assembling _____ at right angles to the mitotic spindle
Vesicles
165
The vesicles become ______ components between the daughter cells
Membrane
166
Vesicles fuse to form a _____ , which becomes a new plasma membrane that has divided the cell in two
Cell plate
167
Proto-oncogenes encodes proteins that _____ cell division, mutated Proto-oncogenes become cancer causing ________
Stimulate/ oncogenes
168
Tumor Suppressor genes encode proteins that _____ the cell cycle. Mutations to tumor Suppressor genes release the _____ on cell division
Inhibit/ breakes
169
When gamates fuse its called a
Zygote
170
Alternate generations in plants is...
1 generation is haploid the next is diploid
171
Gametophyte
Haploid individual
172
Sporophyte
Diploid individual
173
Is moss a gametophyte or sporophyte
Gametophyte
174
Are ferns and higher plants sporophyte or gametophyte
Gametophyte
