Animal Nutrition

Question 1

herbivores

Answer 1

eat mainly autotrophs (ex. gorillas, cattle)

Question 2

carnivores

Answer 2

eat other animals (ex. sharks, hawks)

Question 3

omnivores

Answer 3

regularly consume animals as well as plants or algae (ex, humans, bears)

Question 4

opportunistic feeders

Answer 4

animals take foods outside their main dietary category when these foods are available

Question 5

what do all animals consume

Answer 5

bacteria along with other food

Question 6

what three nutritional needs must be met for an animal’s diet?

Answer 6

• fuel: converted to ATP
• organic building blocks: synthesize organic molecules
• essential nutrients: required by cells

Question 7

most of an animal’s ATP generation is based on?

Answer 7

oxidation of energy, carbohydrates, proteins, and fats, in cell. resp. (mononmers = fuel)

Question 8

when do animals burn proteins?

Answer 8

after exhausting carbs and fats

Question 9

what muscles store energy and in what form?

Answer 9

liver and muscle store energy in form of glycogen (polymer of glucose)

Question 10

undernourishment

Answer 10

if the diet of a human or other animal is chronically deficient in calories

Question 11

overnourishment

Answer 11

stores excess fat molecules instead of using them

Question 12

what health problems can obesity lead to?

Answer 12

diabetes, cancer, cardiovascular disease, heart attacks, strokes

Question 13

how does obesity arise?

Answer 13

hormone-related, genetic inheritance, genetic defect

Question 14

what bodily functions require carbon?

Answer 14

growth, maintenance, reproduction

Question 15

essential nutrients

Answer 15

materials that must be obtained in preassembled form because the animal’s cells cannot make them from any raw material

Question 16

how many amino acids are essential? how many are needed to make proteins?

Answer 16

essential: 8
needed for proteins: 20

Question 17

most ____ proteins are incomplete?

Answer 17

plant

Question 18

Kwashiorkor

Answer 18

type of protein deficiency

Question 19

how many vitamins are essential to the human diet?

Answer 19

13

Question 20

large amounts of what are required for construction and maintenance of bone?

Answer 20

calcium and phosphorus

Question 21

why can’t we use macromolecules directly?

Answer 21

1) polymers are too large to pass through membranes
2) not identical to those in food

Question 22

enzymatic hydrolysis

Answer 22

process in digestion that
splits macromolecules by the enzymatic addition
of water

Question 23

absorption

Answer 23

uptake of small nutrient molecules by an organism′s own body; the third main stage of food processing, after digestion

Question 24

elimination

Answer 24

passing of undigested material out of the digestive compartment

Question 25

intercellular digestion

Answer 25

joining of food vacuoles and lysosomes to allow chemical digestion to occur within the cytoplasm of a cell (after phagocytosis)

Question 26

extracellular digestion

Answer 26

breakdown of food outside cells

Question 27

gastrovascular cavity

Answer 27

joining of food vacuoles and lysosomes to allow chemical digestion to occur within the cytoplasm of a cell

Question 28

complete digestive tract

Answer 28

digestive tube running between mouth and anus

Question 29

mammalian digestive system

Answer 29

digestive tract and accessory glands that secrete digestive juices

Question 30

peristalsis

Answer 30

rhythmic waves of contraction of smooth muscle that push food along the digestive tract

Question 31

sphincter

Answer 31

ring-like valve consisting of modified muscle in a muscular tube

Question 32

pancreas

Answer 32

nonendocrine portion secretes digestive enzymes and an alkaline solution into the small intestine via a duct

Question 33

liver

Answer 33

largest organ in verts. produces bile, prepares N water for disposal, detox blood

Question 34

gallbladder

Answer 34

stores bile and releases it to small intestine

Question 35

salivary amylase

Answer 35

enzyme that hydrolyzes starch and glycogen

Question 36

pharynx

Answer 36

area in the vertebrate throat where air and food passages cross; in flatworms, the muscular tube that protrudes from the ventral side of the worm and ends in the mouth

Question 37

epiglottis

Answer 37

cartilaginous flap that blocks the top of the windpipe, the glottis, during swallowing, which prevents the entry of food or fluid into the respiratory system

Question 38

esophagus

Answer 38

channel that conducts food, by peristalsis, from the pharynx to the stomach

Question 39

meals are converted to what ACID in the stomach?

Answer 39

chyme; including HCl and pepsin

Question 40

major organ of digestion and absorption

Answer 40

small intestine

Question 41

large intenstine

Answer 41

aids the small intestine in reabsorbing water and houses bacteria, some of which synthesize vitamins

Question 42

______ have longer digestive tracts than ____?

Answer 42

herbivores, carnivores

Question 43

fermentation chambers

Answer 43

where symbiotic micro-organisms in herbivores digest cellulose

Question 44

1) suspension feeder 2) fluid feeder 3) bulk feeder 4) deep sea gulper

Answer 44

1) humpback whale 2) mosquito 3) rock python 4) ???? eel