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Bio M02B > Plant Diversity > Flashcards

Plant Diversity Flashcards

Chapter 29

1
Q

what is the closest relative of land plants?

A

green algae called “charophytes”

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2
Q

what four characteristics do land pants share with ONLY charophytes

A

1) rings of cellulose-synthesizing complexes
2) peroxisome enzymes
3) flagellated sperm with similar structure
4) formation of phragmoplast

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3
Q

what’s a phragmoplast?

A

microtubules formed along the midpoint during division

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4
Q

why are charophytes considered the closest living relative between plant and algae?

A

similarities between nuclear and chloroplast genes

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5
Q

what is sporopellenin?

A

layer of polymer that prevents zygotes form drying out in charophytes and is also found in plant spore walls

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6
Q

what happened when charophytes moved onto land

A
  • unfiltered sun
  • more plentiful CO2
  • nutrient-rich soil
  • few herbivores and pathogens
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7
Q

what challenged did land present?

A

lack of structural support, scarcity of water

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8
Q

what five traits appear in nearly all land plants but are absent in the charophytes

A

1) alternation of generations and multicell embryos
2) walled spores produced in sporangia
3) multicellular gametangia
4) multicellular embryo
5) apical meristems

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9
Q

what is alternation of generations?

A

plants alternate between two multicell stages, the reproductive cycle is alt of gen.’s

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10
Q

what is a gametophyte?

A

haploid; produces two haploid GAMETES via MITOSIS

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11
Q

what is a sporophyte?

A

fusion of gametes produces a diploid sporophyte which produces haploid SPORES via MEIOSIS

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12
Q

what are placental transfer cells?

A

they transfer the nutrients from parent to embryo

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13
Q

what are land plants called embryophytes?

A

the dependency of the embryo on the parent

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14
Q

where do sporophytes produce spores?

A

sporangia

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15
Q

what are sporocytes?

A

diploid cells that undergo meiosis to generate haploid spores

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16
Q

what organs are used to produce gametes in plants?

A

gametangia

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17
Q

male gametangia? female gametangia?

A

male: antheridia
female: archegonia

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18
Q

what are apical meristems?

A

plants sustain continual growth there and the apical meristems differentiate into various tissues

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19
Q

what’s a cuticle?

A

a waxy covering of the epidermis

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20
Q

what’s mycorrhizae

A

symbiotic associations between fungi and land plants that may have helped plants without true roots to obtain nutrients

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21
Q

fossil evidence says plants were on land how long ago?

A

475 million years ago

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22
Q

non-vasc plants

A

bryophytes
- liverworts
- mosses
- hornworts

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23
Q

seedless vasc plants

A
  • lycophytes (club mosses)
  • monilophytes (ferns)
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24
Q

seed vasc plants

A
  • gymnosperms
  • angiosperms
25
Q

how can land plants be informally grouped?

A

presence of vascular tissue

26
Q

what are non-vasc plants commonly called?

A

bryophytes

27
Q

bryophytes are what type of group?

A

not a monophyletic

28
Q

seedless vascular plants can be divided into what two clades?

A

lycophyta, monilophyta

29
Q

lycophyta

A

club mosses and relative

30
Q

monilophyta

A

ferns and their relatives

31
Q

gymnosperms

A

“naked seed” plants including conifers

32
Q

angiosperms

A

the flowering plants

33
Q

bryophytes three phyla

A

liverworts, hornworts, mosses

34
Q

bryophyte vs. bryophyta

A
  • byrophyte: non-vasc plants
  • bryophyta: phylum of mosses
35
Q

which ____phytes are longer-living and larger?

A

gametophytes are larger and longer-living than sporophytes

36
Q

rhizoids

A

anchor gametophytes to substrate

37
Q

height of gametophytes constrained by…

A

lack of vascular tissue

38
Q

what does a sporophyte consist of?

A

foot, seta (stalk), capsule (sporangium), peristome (capsule discharges spores via this)

39
Q

moss environments?

A

capable of inhabiting extreme environments but are common in moist forests and wetlands

40
Q

benefits of moss?

A

some help retain nitrogen in soil, used to insulate structures, used as footwear

41
Q

peat

A

used as source of fuel; extensive decayed amterial

42
Q

sphagnum

A

important global resovoir of organic carbon

43
Q

what were the prevalent vegetation during the first 100-million years of plant evolution?

A

bryophytes and bryophyte-like

44
Q

when did vasc plants begin to diversify?

A

devonian and carboniferous

45
Q

how can plants grow tall?

A

vasc tissue

46
Q

seedless vasc plants restricted to what environments

A

moist environments; flagellated sperm

47
Q

how are living vasc plants characterized?

A
  • life cycles with dom. sporophytes
  • vasc tissue (xylem and phloem)
  • well-developed roots and leaves
48
Q

xylem

A

conducts water and minerals and includes tracheids

49
Q

trachieds

A

dead cells in xylem

50
Q

lignin

A

strengthen water-conducting cells

51
Q

phloem

A

living cells and distributes sugars, amino acids, and other organic products

52
Q

two types of leaves

A
  • microphylls: single vein
  • megaphylls: highly branched vasc system
53
Q

evolution of microphylls

A

outgrowth of stems

54
Q

evolution of megaphylls

A

evolved webbing between flatted branches

55
Q

club mosses and spike mosses not “true mosses?”

A

have vasc tissue

56
Q

most diverse seedless vasc plants

A

ferns (120,000+), diverse in tropics also thrive in forests

57
Q

horsetails

A

diverse during carboniferous now restricted to genus equisetum

58
Q

whisk ferns

A

resemble ancestral vasc plants but are closely related to modern ferns

59
Q

decaying plants of carboniferous forests…

A

coal

Bio M02B (22 decks)

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