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Bio M02B > Circulation and Gas Exchange > Flashcards

Circulation and Gas Exchange Flashcards

Chapter 42 (108 cards)

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1
Q

what are the major brain regions?

A

forebrain, midbrain, hindbrain

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2
Q

exchanges with the environment occur at what level?

A

cellular

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3
Q

in unicellular organism where do exchanges occur?

A

directly with the environment

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4
Q

what’s an example specialized exchange system in animals?

A

gills

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5
Q

what type of gills do segmented worms have

A

flaplike gills; extending from each segment of the body

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6
Q

what type of gills do some invertebrate have?

A

simple shape; distributed over most of the body

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7
Q

when are gills restricted to a local body region?

A

in clams, crayfish

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8
Q

how is the effectiveness of gas exchange increased in gills of some fishes

A

by ventilation and countercurrent flow of blood and water

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9
Q

what is diffusion proportional to?

A

the square of the distance (efficient over small distances)

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10
Q

in most animals exchange materials with the environment via what system?

A

fluid-filled circulatory system

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11
Q

what three things does a circulatory system have?

A
  • circulatory fluid (blood)
  • set of
    interconnecting vessels (veins)
  • muscular pump (heart)
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12
Q

open circulatory system

A

insects, other arthropods, and most molluscs,
blood bathes the organs directly

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13
Q

in an open circulatory system, there is no
distinction between?

A

blood and interstitial fluid

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14
Q

closed circulatory system?

A

blood is
confined to vessels and is distinct from the
interstitial fluid

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15
Q

what type of system is more efficient at transport?

A

closed systems

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16
Q

what have closed circulatory systems?

A

annelids, cephalopods, and vertebrates

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17
Q

cardiovascular system?

A

vertebrates closed circulatory system

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18
Q

three main types of blood vessels?

A

arteries,
veins, and capillaries

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19
Q

blood flows how many ways in the three vessels?

A

one way

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20
Q

arteries

A

branch into arterioles and carry blood
away from the heart to capillaries

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21
Q

capillary beds

A

sites of chemical exchange between the blood
and interstitial fluid

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22
Q

venules

A

converge into veins and return blood
from capillaries to the heart

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23
Q

how are arteries and veins distinguished?

A

direction of blood flow

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24
Q

vertebrates contain how many chmabers?

A

2+

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25
blood enters through an _____ and is pumped out through a _____
atrium, ventricle
26
what type of heart do bony fish, rays, and sharks have?
two-chmabered
27
single circulation
blood leaving he heart passes through two capillary beds before returning
28
what organisms have double circulation?
amphibian, reptiles, and mammals
29
how is oxygen-poor and oxygen-rich blood are pumped?
separately from the right and left sides of the heart
30
pulmonary circuit
in reptiles and mammals, oxygen-poor blood flows through the pulmonary circuit to pick up oxygen through the lungs
31
pulmocutaneous circuit
in amphibians, oxygen-poor blood flows through a pulmocutaneous circuit to pick up oxygen through the lungs and skin
32
systemic circuit
oxygen-rich blood delivers oxygen throughm
33
cardiac cycle
heart contracts and relaxes in a rhythmic cycle
34
systole
contraction, or pumping, phase
35
diastole
relaxation, or filling, phase
36
heart rate
also called the pulse, is the number of beats per minute
37
stroke volume
amount of blood pumped in a single contraction
38
cardiac output
the volume of blood pumped into the systemic circulation per minute and depends on both the heart rate and stroke volume
39
how many valves prevent backflow of blood?
four
40
atrioventricular (AV) valves
separate each atrium and ventricle
41
semilunar valves
control blood flow to the aorta and the pulmonary artery
42
what causes the sound of a heartbeat?
the recoil of blood against the AV valves (lub) then against the semilunar (dup) valves
43
heart murmur
backflow of blood through a defective valve
44
self-excitable cardiac muscles
contract without any signal from the nervous system
45
sinoatrial (SA) node
pacemaker sets the rate and timing at which cardiac muscle cells contract
46
electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG)
impulses that travel during the cardiac cycle can be recorded
47
atrioventricular (AV) node
AV node impulses are delayed and then trigger Purkinje fibers that make the ventricles contract
48
what two divisions regulate the nervous system
sympathetic and parasympathetic
49
sympathetic division
speeds up the pacemaker
50
parasympathetic
slows down the pacemaker
51
what also regulates the pacemaker?
hormones and temperature
52
central lumen
blood vessel's cavity
53
endothelium
epithelial layer that lines blood vessel (smooth and minimizes resistance)
54
capillaries
delicate blood vessels that exist throughout your body, have thin walls
55
where is the velocity of blood flow slowest
capillary beds, for exchange of materials
56
bloodpressure
pressure that blood exeets against the wall of a vessel
57
bloods flows from what areas to what other areas?
high pressure areas to low pressure areas
58
systolic pressure
the pressure in the arteries during ventricular systole; highest pressure in the arteries
59
diastolic pressure
pressure in arteries during diastole; lower than systolic pressure
60
vasoconstriction
contraction of smooth muscle in arteriole walls; increases blood pressure
61
vasodilation
relaxation of smooth muscles in the arterioles, causing BP to fall
62
major inducer of vasodilation
nitric oxide
63
blood pressure for healthy 20 year old at rest
1200 mm Hg systole 60 mm Hg diastole
64
what cuases fainting
inadequate blood flow to the head
65
what animals require higher systolic presure
those with long necks, to pump blood against greater distance against gravity
66
what prevents backflow in blood
one-way valves
67
blood flows through how many capillaries at a time?
5-10%
68
what two mechanisms regfulate distribution of blood in capillary beds
- contraction of smooth muscle layer in the wall of arteriole - precapillary spinchters
69
precapillary sphincters
control flow of blood between arterioles and venules
70
difference between blood pressure and osmotic pressure?
hydrostatic pressure ensures blood circulation, whereas osmotic pressure helps exchange the necessary fluids in the body
71
what's too large to pass through the endothelium?
most blood proteins and blood cells
72
lymphatic system
returns fluid that leaks out from capillary beds
73
lymph
fluid reenters circulation directly at the venous end of the capillary bed and indirectly thourhg the lymphatic system
74
plasma
liquid matrix which suspends cells
75
cellular elements occupy how much of volume of blood
45%
76
blood plasma is what percent water?
90% water
77
what are the functions of plasma proteins
lipid transport, immunity, blood clotting
78
leukocytes
function in defense by phagocytizing bacteria and debris or by producing antibodies
79
where are leukocytes
inside and outside circulatory system
80
platelets
fragments of cells, function in blood clotting
81
coagulation
formation of solid clot from liquid blood
82
thrombus
blood clot formed from within vessel
83
erhtrocytes
red blood cells, most numerous
84
hemoglobin
iron-containing protein that transports O2
85
what do birds and reptiles have that mammals lack
nuclei mitochondria
86
what does gas exchange supply and dispose of
supply O2 for cellular respiration, disposes of CO2
87
partial pressure
pressure exerted by a particular gas in mixture of gases
88
what surface is required for diffusion
large, moist
89
lungs
infolding of the body surface
90
air inhaled through nostrils...
warmed, humidified, and sampled for odors
91
where does air pass through
pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and bronchioles
92
where does gas exchange occur?
alveoli
93
what creates sound?
exhaled air passing over the vocal chords
94
alveoli
air sacs at tips of bronchioles
95
carbon dioxide diffusion journey?
diffuses from capillaries across the epithelium and into air space
96
what lacks cilia and is susceptible to contamination?
alveoli
97
surfactants
secretions which coat the surface of the alveoli
98
breathing
process which ventilates the lungs
99
negative pressure breathing
mammals ventilation system, pulling air to the lungs
100
tidal volume
volume of air inhaled with each breath
101
breathing control centers
medulla oblongata, pons
102
medulla
regulates the rate and depth of breathing in response to pH changes in the cerebrospinal fluid
103
what monitors O2 and CO2 concentrations in the blood?
sensors in aorta and carotid
104
blood arriving in lungs
low partialP O2, hisgh partialP CO2
105
partialP in capillaries
partialP favors diffusion of O2 into interstitial fluids and CO2 into the blood
106
how many oxygen molecules can a single hemoglobin carry?
four, one for each iron-containing heme group
107
in addition to O2, hemoglobin also transports...?
CO2
108
CO2 from respiring cells diffuse where?
into the blood and is transported either in blood plasma, bound to hemoglobin, or as bicarbonate ions (HCO3–)

Bio M02B (22 decks)

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