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Antibiotics Flashcards

(60 cards)

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1
Q

Name the antibiotics that work on the peptidoglycan wall:

A

Beta Lactams

Glycopeptides

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2
Q

Name the antibiotics that work in proteins/ ribosomes:

A

50S -

  • Macrolides
  • Clindymicin
  • chlorpenical

30S

  • Aminoglycosides
  • tetracyclines
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3
Q

What drugs contraindicated with statins, because they increase the blood levels of the statin? and what enzyme do they block?

A

Macrolides

Block the enzyme CYP3A4 which breaks down statins

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4
Q

What drug is highly associated with ototoxicity?

A

Gentamicin

(macrolides also cause it but not as severely or as commonly)

**need to ask a patient every 3 days how their hearing is.

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5
Q

Which drug is used in high concentrations then deep troughs, due to its double effect on bacteria: initially killing cell wall, then working on the proteins?

A

Gentamicin

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6
Q

Which Drugs increase the QT interval?

A

Quinolines

Macrolides

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7
Q

What drug increase serum K+ levels, and why?

A

Trimethoprim

acts as a K+ sparring diuretic

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8
Q

What drug is used for anaerobic organisms and kills them via oxidative stress?

A

Metronidazole

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9
Q

What are the two Beta Lactamases used, and what are their combinations?

A
  • Co-amoxiclav
  • Clavulanic acid
  • amoxicillin
  • Tazocin
  • Tazobactam
  • Piperacillin
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10
Q

What is the first choice for serious Strep infections?

A

benzylpenicillin

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11
Q

What Beta lactam targets both Strep and Staph (not MRSA)?

A

Flucloxacillin

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12
Q

What Beta lactam has acitivity against almost all bacteria but MRSA?

A

Meropenem

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13
Q

What drug is highly associated with nephrotoxicity?

A

Vancomycin

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14
Q

What drugs are typically used for upper respiratory tract infections?

A

Macrolides

  • clarithromycin
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15
Q

What drugs are useful for targeting the atypicals?

A

Macrolides

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16
Q

What drugs have excellent endotoxin neutralisation? and what are they not good against?

A

Clindamycin

No affect on:
- Aerobic gram negative

  • Atypicals
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17
Q

What drug can cause bone marrow suppression? leading to aplastic anemia

A

Chloramphenicol

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18
Q

What drug causes increased action of CYP450 enzymes?

A

Rifampicin

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19
Q

When is trimethprim used?

A

Uncomplicated UTIs

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20
Q

What drug is used really only for Gram negative bacteria?

A

Gentamcin

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21
Q

What antibitics are heavily associated with causing C.Diff?

A

Ciprofloxacin (all quinolones)

Clindamycin

Cephalosporins

Co-amociclav

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22
Q

List some key ways bacteria develop resistance:

A
  1. producing enzymes that destroy the drug
  2. Modification to the drug target
    - 23S rubunits
  3. Decreased permeability
    - down regulation of porins
  4. Exporters to push drug out of the cell
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23
Q

How do these mutations of resistance come about?

A
  1. Chromosomal Mutations
  2. Acquisition of genetic information
  3. Transformation
  4. Transduciton
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24
Q

Whats the three main ways bacteria acquire new genetic information?

A
  1. Transduciton
    - bacterial phages
  2. Conjugation
    - mating
  3. Transformation
    - destruction of the bacteria and spreading of information
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25
In order to become resistant bacteria will often give up its speed of growth. what is this referred to as?
Fitness cost
26
What gene is associated with MRSA being resistant?
MecA
27
Where are the genetic codes for Beta lactamases usually found?
Plasmids
28
How do beta lactamases work?
Hydrolyse the Beta lactam ring
29
What drugs can be used in the treatment of extended spectrum beta lactamases?
Ciprofloxacin Temocillin Gentamicin Meropenem
30
There are some bacteria that are now resistant to carbapenems, what are these called and what is the gene associated with them?
Carbapenemases NDM-1
31
What bacteria is especially good at drug resistance by increasing efflux pumps?
Pseudomonas Aeruginosa
32
What non- genetic factors can seriously inhibit the functioning of antibiotics?
Abscess formation Biofilm Foriegn bodies Slowly/ non replicating bacteria
33
In Sepsis what is the standard set of antibiotic treatment?
* Iv Amoxicillin 2g/6hrly + Gentamicin +/- flucloaxacillin is Staph is suspected if allergic to penicillin or MRSA then: *IV vancomycin + Gentamicin if severe Strep infection then: + IV clindamycin 600mg/6 hrly
34
What are the antibiotic treatments for Nectrotizing facititis?
Flucloxacillin Benzylpenicillin Gentamicin Metronidazole Clindamycin
35
Which antibiotic stops the oral contraceptive working?
Rifampcin
36
What must one always think about before prescribing empirical antibiotics:
- previous antibiotic treatment - Previous microbiology culture tests - thinking about resistance - drug allergies - travel history - some places of travel have higher incidences of resistance than others.
37
If you have an organisms which is resistant to beta lactams , co - amoxiclav, cephalosporins (very wide spectrum of beta lactams) what is it said to be? What bacteria typically call this? and what is the problem with this?
Extended spectrum Beta Lactamase - hydrolyse the beta lactams ring **E. Coli. they often also have resistance to gentamicin
38
What would be used to treat ESBL organisms?
Meropenam
39
What do quinolones target as their mode of action?
DNA gyrase of the bacteria
40
Name two sets of bacterial-static antibiotics:
Macrolides Tetracyclines
41
Name the 30S inhibitors:
Aminoglycosides - gentamicin Tetracyclines - doxycycline Nitrofurantoin
42
Whats a common cause of resistance to gentamicin?
plasmid encoded enyzmes
43
What's a common cause of resistance to tetracyclines?
Up regulation of efflux pumps
44
What's a common cause of resistance to Penicillins?
Change in the PBP
45
Is conjugation common?
Yes
46
Which class of bacteria most typically produce beta lactamases?
E.Coli
47
Which drug may red Man syndrome be seen in?
Vancomycin
48
What does OHPAT stand for?
Outpatient and Home parental antibiotic therapy
49
When would Clindmycin be used in S. Aureus infection?
To neutralise Exotoxins when there is toxic shock syndrome
50
Out with exotoxins, what other class of bacteria is clindmycin good at destroying?
Anaerobics this is why it is so effective at killing G.I bacteria leading to C. Diff infections
51
When would you avoid use of nitrofutoin?
In poor renal clearance
52
What antibiotic therapy is given for biliary sepsis?
Gentamcin - gram negatives Amoxicillin - enterococci Metranidazole - anaoerobics
53
Which antibiotics can't be used during pregnancy?
Trimethoprime - first trimester Tetracyclines Quinolones
54
How many days can gentamicin be used for?
up 4 days
55
What antibiotic is heavily associated with Steven's JOhnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis?
Co - Trimoxazole * trimethoprim * sulphamethaxole
56
What beta lactam can be used when there is a pencillin allergy?
Monobactams - Aztreonam
57
When there is an invasive Strep Pyogenes what antibiotic should be used?
Clindamycin
58
What drug is quinolones combined with that increases the risk of tendon rupture?
Prednisolone
59
What should tetracyclines not be given with?
Milk
60
How does nitrofurantoin work?
Increases metabolite damage of DNA

Phase 3 (50 decks)

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