General Pathology and Inflammation

Question 1

What Cellular chemical is important for Macrophage activation and development?

Answer 1

IFN

Question 2

Which molecule promotes Diapedesis of neutrophils?

Answer 2

Intergrins

Question 3

In granulomas when are lymphocytes and plasma cells not typically seen?

Answer 3

When granuloma formation is due to foreign material

Question 4

What two types of macrophages are found in granulomas?

Answer 4

Epitheloid Cells

Gaint Cells - Multiple macrophages joined together

Question 5

What are some characteristics of a cell under stress, but it is still reversible?

Answer 5

Swelling of cell

Cloudyness

Swelling of mitochondria and R.E.R

Question 6

What are some histological findings of a cell that is about to become necrosis?

Answer 6

Cell swelling

Vacuolation of organelles

Disruptions of cell membranes

Membrane Pleps

Question 7

What nuclear changes occur in necrosis?

Answer 7

Nuclear becoming pale

Nuclear Shrinkage

Nuclear fragmentation

Question 8

Name the types of necrosis, with examples:

Answer 8

Coagulative: ischemic, gangrene

Colliquitive: Pus, cerebral infarct

Caecous: cheese like - TB

Fat Necrosis - pancreas

Question 9

List the morphological changes in apoptosis:

Answer 9

Cell shrinks

DNA condenses (packs up)

Membranes all remain intact

Cytoplasmic plebs form and break off - which are engulfed

Nucleus fragments - but membrane remains intact.

Question 10

What type of endogenous deposition is seen in older age and is pigmented?

Answer 10

Lipofucin

Question 11

Name to endogenous amyloid build ups:

Answer 11

Amyloid light chain - immunoglobin

Amyloid associated Protein/ AA Amyloid. - inflammaiton related.

Question 12

What is the clinical consequences of Hypereosinophilia syndrome?

Answer 12

Constrictive Cardiomyopathy

Question 13

What is microscopic finding in people asthma associated with the eosinophils present?

Answer 13

Charcot Leyden Crystals

Question 14

List some benefits of acute inflammation

Answer 14

Dilution of toxins

Increased entry of antibodies (and drugs)

Fibrin traps micro-organisms

Delivery nutrients

Stimulation of immune response

Question 15

How is chronic inflammation defined?

Answer 15

When the inflamed tissue is unable to over come causative

Persistent over weeks - years

Characterised by infiltration of Lymphocytes, macrophages and plasma cells

Ganulomas may be present

Question 16

What is a common histological appearance in Chrons disease?

Answer 16

Non - necrotising granulomas

Question 17

With regard to granulomas, what is the reaction that leads to there formation, and what specific cytokines are important for this?

Answer 17

Delayed hypersensitivity reaction - via T cell activation.

These activate macrophages, specifically through IFN- Gamma

Question 18

What causes syphilis?

Answer 18

Treponema Pallidum

Question 19

Whats it called when there is a tumour of the Mast Cells?

Answer 19

mastocytosis

Question 20

Name the types of exudation and give examples:

Answer 20

Supprurative - Neutrophil rich
- pus

Fibrionous - Fibrin and fibrinogen
- rheumatic conditions

Serous exudate - similar to plasma
- TB and Peroneal cavity

Question 21

What are the two stages of autopsy?

Answer 21

External Examination

Internal examination

Question 22

Of the internal examination in an autopsy, what are the stages?

Answer 22

1. Evisceration - single cut from sternal notch to pubis synphysis

Cut behind the skull

2. Organ dissection

Question 23

How does lobar Pneumonia spread?

Answer 23

Blood - keeping it localised to one lobe

Question 24

Which infection causing meningitis is spread through inhalation and affects anyone?

Answer 24

Meningococcus

Question 25

Which type of meningitis predominantly affects those with weakened immune system, especially alcoholics?

Answer 25

Pneumococcus

Question 26

Define Anaplasia:

Answer 26

Lack of differentiation, morphology, and functioning of a cell.

Question 27

Define dysplasia:

Answer 27

Anaplasia, disordered growth of cells but contained within basement membrane

Question 28

Define Carinoma in situ:

Answer 28

Full thickness of epithelial cells is dysplastic but contained with the basement membrane.

Question 29

What are some typical appearance of dyspastic cells?

Answer 29

Nucleus becomes hyperchromatic Irregular membranes Nuclear cytoplasm has changed

Question 30

What is a growth that is tumour like, but contain tissue of origin and is controlled in growth according to the person?

Answer 30

Hamartoma

Question 31

In Meckel's Diverticulum what is the remenant left over that forms the diverticulum?

Answer 31

Vitelline - remnant of yolk sac duct that fed the gut before being replaced.

Question 32

What is the name given to the process by which part of the intestine prolapses into an adjacent part?

Answer 32

Intussusecption

Question 33

What is a complication of diverticulitis?

Answer 33

Fitsula formation with rupture leading to faecal matter leakage.

Question 34

What is the two broad categories of congenital abnormalities?

Answer 34

Functional Structural

Question 35

What type of diverticulium is Meckel's?

Answer 35

True - contains all layers of the gut.

Question 36

What are the two mechanisms leading to cancers?

Answer 36

Inactivation = tumour suppressors Activation - proto-onco genes.

Question 37

What are anti-cancer defences within the body?

Answer 37

Immune system Apoptosis - check point failure

Question 38

What produces fever in inflammation?

Answer 38

Release of: IL-1 IL-6 TNF - alpha Prostagladins. - working on the hypothalamus

Question 39

Define Atrophy:

Answer 39

Decrease in the size of cells, number of cells and weight of tissue/ organ. due to: - reduced hormone stimulation - decreased innervation - decreased blood flow

Question 40

Define Hypertrophy:

Answer 40

Increase in cell size, leadin to an increase in tissue size and weight. most commonly occurs in permanent and stable cells which are not able/ less willing to undergo proliferation

Question 41

Define Hyperplasia:

Answer 41

Increase in the number of NORMAL cells.

Question 42

What is meant by grade of a tumour?

Answer 42

level of differentiation from the parent cell. poorly differentiated does not resemble parent cell as much and is therefore of higher grade. thus; poorly differentiated = high grade

Question 43

Name some cytologically changes seen in cancerous cells:

Answer 43

Large irregular nucleus - pleomorphism Irregular borders of the nucleus - pleomorphism Large nucleus to cytoplasm ratio Increased chromatin - darker, more of it Free ribosomes Reduced mitochondria mitotic figures

Question 44

What do malignant cells have more of in comparison to normal cells that increases their ability to carry out cell cycles without destroying their DNA?

Answer 44

Telomerase activity Keep the telomere long

Question 45

List some gross appearances of a malignant tumour in comparison to a benign one:

Answer 45

Irregular shape Non capsulated High Lymphocyte activity around it Signs of necrosis Signs of haemorrhage Poorly observed borders borders

Question 46

Compare and contrast necrosis and apoptosis:

Answer 46

Necrosis: ``` Uncontrolled pathological multiple cells involved Loss of membrane structure - leakage of cellular content Induces inflammation ``` Apoptosis: ``` controlled can be physiological isolated cells non loss of membrane - no leakage of cellular structure does not promote inflammation ```