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Microbiology > Antivirals and Vaccines > Flashcards

Antivirals and Vaccines Flashcards

1
Q

Antiviral therapy must be active against viral ____ and not normal cellular function to reduce _____.

A

replication; toxicity

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2
Q

Enfuvirtide is associated with which infection?

A

HIV

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3
Q

Enfuvirtide blocks the refolding of ____, thereby inhibiting membrane fusion and the penetration step of HIV entry.

A

gp41

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4
Q

Amantadine and Rimantadine are associated with which infection?

A

Influenza

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5
Q

Amantadine and rimantadine block ___ ____ (M2) preventing nucleocapsid release at the end of the cell ____ process.

A

ion channel; entry

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6
Q

what happens as a result of inhibition to the ion channel of M2?

A

blockage of ion flow impedes influenza virion disassembly after internalization into endosomes.

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7
Q

What is inhibited once the influenza virus enters the cells through the endosome?

A

Normally the M2 protein allows hydrogen to enter thereby decreasing the pH in the virion, which is necessary for conformational changes in the influenza virus nucleocapsid protein that allows movement of genome into the nucleus. This is prevented.

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8
Q

Nucleoside analogs are ___ terminators.

A

chain

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9
Q

what was the first antiviral approved for clinical use?

A

acyclovir

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10
Q

T/F. Acyclovir is more effective against CMV and EBV and less effective for HSV-1 and -2.

A

False. It is more effective against HSV-1 and -2 than CMV and EBV.

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11
Q

What protein does acyclovir target?

A

thymadine kinase (TK)

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12
Q

which antiviral is effective against treating CMV?

A

ganciclovir

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13
Q

Valganciclovir is similar to ____ with improved ____ bioability.

A

acyclovir; oral

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14
Q

Foscarnet is used to treat _____?

A

Herpesvirus

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15
Q

Which antiviral is administered IV and toxic?

A

Foscarnet

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16
Q

what does foscarnet target?

A

viral polymerase activity

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17
Q

Nucleoside inhibitors are treatments for which infections?

A

HIV and HBV

18
Q

Nucleoside inhibitors have good ___ availability, high ____ and resistance, and are given in a cocktail of different class drugs.

A

oral; toxicity

19
Q

what is a nucleoside inhibitor of RNA viruses?

A

Ribavirin

20
Q

The triphosphate form of ribavirin inhibits _____.

A

polymerases

21
Q

The monophosphate form of Ribavirin inhibits ___ monophosphate dehydrogenase lowering ___ in the cell.

A

inosine; GTP

22
Q

Ribavirin inhibits ____ of mRNA.

A

capping

23
Q

Viral progeny require ____ by virus-specific proteases to become infectious.

A

cleavage

24
Q

The Gag-Pol polypeptide found in ___ must be cleaved to release the shorter mature HIV proteins. This process is inhibited by ____ treatment.

A

HIV; ritonavir

25
Q

Inhibition of influenza virus ______ (NA) inhibit virus release from infected cells.

A

neuraminidase

26
Q

NA cleaves terminal ____ ____ residues.

A

sialic acid

27
Q

what antiviral challenge is involved with absorption into the body, transport to the site of viral infection, and intake by the cell.

A

Bioavailability

28
Q

What molecule is responsible for the fact cultured cells infected with one virus were resistant to infection by a second virus

A

Interferons

29
Q

______ have an effect that was transferable to uninfected cells

A

Interferons

30
Q

Interferons are more effective in ____ (RNA/DNA) viruses.

A

RNA

31
Q

What type of immunization administers all or part of a pathogenic agent to induce antibodies or cell-mediated immunity?

A

active immunization

32
Q

what type of immunization administers exogenously produced antibodies?

A

passive immunization

33
Q

Live, attenuated vaccines are ___ (easy/hard) to administer, produce immunity at the ___ ( first/second) infection, induce antibody and cell mediated immunity and cause ___ (long/short)-lasting immunity

A

easy; first; long

34
Q

T/F. Live, attenuated vaccines may revert during replication.

A

true.

35
Q

T/F. Live, attenuated and killed vaccines are safe for immunocompromised persons.

A

False. Only killed are safe for immunocompromised persons.

36
Q

which type of vaccine is usually injected?

A

killed

37
Q

which type of vaccine does not induce cell mediated immunity and therefore has shorter protection?

A

killed

38
Q

Reversion is associated with which type of vaccine. Give an example.

A

live, attenuated such as in Polio

39
Q

what are the three important immune cells associated with vaccination?

A

B cells, CD8+ cells T-cells, CD4+ T-cells

40
Q

Pneumonococcal and HIB (unless conjugated to other antigens) utilize what cell type?

A

B cells only

41
Q

Vaccines utilizing B cell and T cell immunity include _____.

A

secretory IgA

42
Q

Small pox vaccine is contraindicated for individuals with what condition?

A

eczema

Microbiology (9 decks)

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