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Microbiology > Retroviruses, AIDS, and Tumor viruses > Flashcards

Retroviruses, AIDS, and Tumor viruses Flashcards

1
Q

what is the “4H club” risk group?

A

Homosexual men, heroine addicts, Haitians, and hemophiliacs

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2
Q

What virus family does HIV-1 and -2 belong to?

A

Lentivirus

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3
Q

What virus family is HTLV belong to?

A

Deltaretrovirus

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4
Q

what are the two subfamilies of retroviruses?

A

orthoretroviridae and spumaviridae

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5
Q

What type of genome do retroviruses have?

A

(+)ssRNA with diploid identical copies

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6
Q

T/F. Retroviruses are enveloped.

A

True.

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7
Q

What is the most commonly seen retrovirus nucleocapsid structure and location?

A

D-type: cylindrical nucleocapsid centrally located

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8
Q

What genes are encoded in simple retroviruses?

A

Gag, Pro, Pol, and Env genes

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9
Q

where do retroviruses replicate?

A

nucleus

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10
Q

During reverse transcription, the ___RNA genome converts to _-____ genome.

A

ssRNA; dsDNA

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11
Q

Integration is the process where viral dsDNA is incorporated into the host making a ___________.

A

provirus

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12
Q

Reverse transcription is initiated once the nucleocapsid is in the _______.

A

cytoplasm

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13
Q

Low ____ levels prevent reverse transcription.

A

NTPs

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14
Q

Reverse transcription is ____ when copies are identical.

A

silent

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15
Q

In order for integration to occur, the retrovirus must access the ____ during ____.

A

nucleus; mitosis.

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16
Q

T/F. Integration of viral DNA into the host is permanent.

A

True

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17
Q

If integrated into the germ-line then provirus is inherited in a process called ____?

A

endogenous

18
Q

What 4 areas are associated with integration identified oncogenes?

A
  1. transcription factors
  2. secreted growth factors
  3. growth factor receptors
  4. cell signal transduction pathways
19
Q

What three things can defective retroviruses be missing?

A

gag, pol, or env

20
Q

What must occur if there is a defective virus?

A

coinfection

21
Q

Slow retroviruses effect is like high level ______, that can result in tumorigenesis.

A

mutagenesis

22
Q

cytopathic retroviruses cause ____ damage directly.

A

tissue

23
Q

Acute transforming viruses induce rapid ____ formation and carry ___ genes.

A

tumor; host

24
Q

How is human t-cell leukemia transmitted?

A

person to person (mother-child/breastfeeding, needles, transfusions, sexually - less efficient)

25
Q

What is the primary mode of spread of HTLV-1?

A

contact between infected and naive cells

26
Q

Adult T-Cell Lymphoma/Leukemia (ATLL) has a latent period of ____ years.

A

30 to 50 years (slow retrovirus)

27
Q

HTLV-1 associated ATLL disease infects ____ T-cells.

A

memory

28
Q

T/F. In ATLL, cells can become transformed and generate tumors with or without virus protein expression.

A

True.

29
Q

HTLV-1 associated myelopathy / tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP) is associated with ______.

A

transfusions.

30
Q

typical onset for HAM/TSP is ___ (3/5) years after infection.

A

3

31
Q

HAM/TSP starts with ____ control issues and progress to lower back pain, ___ weakness, and impotence or erectile dysfunction in men.

A

bladder; leg

32
Q

what year was the HIV virus identified

A

1984

33
Q

T/F. Sexual transmission of HIV is greater in male-to-female than in male-to-male.

A

No. Male to male has a higher transmission rate.(1:10) vs (1:200) for male to female transmission

34
Q

what is the latent period for AIDS

A

6 months to 25 yrs

35
Q

HIV targets ____ T-cells.

A

memory (CD4+)

36
Q

What symptoms are more indicative of HIV infection?

A

mucocutaneous ulceration and weight loss.

37
Q

What is an acute infection reservoir for HIV?

A

Gut associated lymphoid tissue (GALT)

38
Q

During a primary infection, the number of T-cells _____ (increases/decreases) while the RNA copies ____ (increases/decreases).

A

decreases; increases

39
Q

when is chronic HIV infection established?

A

when there is ongoing virus replication and T-cell depletion.

40
Q

T/F. Antivirals increase the life expectancy of HIV patients.

A

True.

Microbiology (9 decks)

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