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Microbiology > Small Gram-negative pathogens > Flashcards

Small Gram-negative pathogens Flashcards

1
Q

T/F. Chlamydiae has peptidoglycan (mureine) in its cell walls.

A

False.

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2
Q

How small is Chlamydiae? What tool can you use to visualize them?

A

0.25um to 0.8um

Light microscope

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3
Q

Chlamydiae are _____ intracellular pathogens that only grow ____(inside/outside) cells or on ___(live/dead) tissues.

A

obligate; inside; live

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4
Q

Chlamydiae is called an “___ ___” because it depends on its host for ATP.

A

energy parasite

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5
Q

Chlamydiae is ____ for some amino acids.

A

auxotrophic

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6
Q

What are the four species of Chlamydiae?

A

C. trachomatis, C. pneumoniae, C. psittaci, and C. pecorum

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7
Q

what is the leading cause of preventable blindness in the world?

A

Chlamydial infections

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8
Q

What is the most common agent of sexually transmitted bacterial infections?

A

Chlamydial infections

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9
Q

Chlamydial infections are spread by ____ or direct contact and infection occurs in ____ epithelial cells.

A

droplet; mucosal

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10
Q

T/F. Chlamydiae is usually an invasive infection affecting the eyes, lungs and genitalia.

A

False. Chlamydiae infections are localized except for when it causes Lymphogranuloma venerum, which is invasive.

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11
Q

What are the 4 F’s of the spread of chlamydiae?

A

Fingers
Flies
Fomites
Fornication

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12
Q

T/F. Chlamydiae infections are usually asymptomatic in females.

A

True

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13
Q

Chronic and repeat Chlamydial infections in females can cause ___ and/or ___ pregnancy.

A

sterility; ectopic

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14
Q

Chlamydiae has acute and chronic phases where during the ___ period the organisms location is unknown.

A

silent

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15
Q

T/F. Asymptomatic carriage results in the least damage and scarring.

A

False. It results in the MOST damage and scarring

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16
Q

What two conditions can infant contract during the birthing process?

A

conjuctivitis and pneumonia

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17
Q

What is the name of the extracellular transit form of chlamydiae?

A

elementary body (EB)

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18
Q

What mechanism is used to internalize EBs into the host?

A

receptor-mediate endocytosis

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19
Q

The EB modifies the endocytic vesicle by maintaining a pH above ___ and preventing the vesicle from fusing with ___.

A

6.2; lysosomes

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20
Q

How are the endocytic vesicles carrying EB camouflaged?

A

vesicles are modified with host components (glycolipids)

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21
Q

Infectious EBs change into larger intracellular active organisms known as ____ ____.

A

Reticular bodies (RB)

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22
Q

What mechanism do RBs use to divide?

A

binary fission

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23
Q

Eventually, the entire vacuole becomes filled with EBs derived from RBs to form a cytoplasmic ____.

A

inclusion

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24
Q

The developmental cycle of chlamydiae is ___ (fast/slow) and takes - days.

A

slow; 2-3

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25
Q

How do RBs take up nutrients from the host if they remain inside of the inclusion vacuole?

A

18 - 23 hollow tube-like structures (drinking straws) protrude from the bacterial cell cytoplasm into host cell cytoplasm

26
Q

A patient who presented with vision problems has been found to have inflammation of the conjuctiva and scarring of the cornea. What chlamydial infection is the culprit?

A

C. trachomatis

27
Q

T/F. Lymphogranuloma venerum is a STD.

A

True.

28
Q

What Chlamydial disease is more common in Africa, Asia, India and South America and is a systemic, invasive infection of the lymph nodes that drain the genital tract?

A

Lymphogranuloma venerum

29
Q

What is the most prevalent Chlamydial infection in the human population?

A

Chlamydophila pneumoniae

30
Q

Chlamydophila pneumoniae can be directly observed in 40-100% of patients with what condition?

A

atherosclerotic heart lesions

31
Q

What is targets by antimicrobials in Chlamydial infections? How long are antibiotics given?

A

metabolic active RB

Organisms grow slowly so maintain for long periods

32
Q

What are the four membrane layers needed to penetrate to get to Chlamydiae?

A
  1. Host cell plasma membrane
  2. Inclusion membrane
  3. Chlamydial outer membrane
  4. Chlamydial cytoplasmic membrane
33
Q

T/F. Rickettsiae is a small, gram negative rod that stains well.

A

False. Rickettsiae does not stain well.

34
Q

Rickettsiae is an ___ intracelluar bacteria that can be transmitted from animals to humans in a process called ___.

A

obligate; zoonoses

35
Q

T/F. Rickettsiae is also a “energy parasite”.

A

False. Rickettsiae can synthesize some of their own ATP and are capable of undergoing independent metabolism

36
Q

What disease does Rickettsiae cause?

A

Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever

37
Q

The main vector of Rickettsiae is a ___, which will carry the pathogen for ___(days, months, life).

A

tick; life

38
Q

What life stage does the tick become infected with R. rickettsii bacteria?

A

larva or nymph

39
Q

How is the bacterial infection passed on to the human?

A

as an adult tick during the blood meal

40
Q

How is the bacteria spread in humans?

A

via the bloodstream

41
Q

Rickettsia attach to ____ endothelial cells and induce endocytosis. Once inside they presumably lyse the phagosome (____) and enter the ____.

A

vascular; phospholipase; cytosol

42
Q

R. prowazekii exit by cell ___. R. rickettsii get extruded through projections called ____. R. tsutsugamushi exit by ___.

A

lysis; filopodia; budding

43
Q

____ ____ due to actin polymerization, bacterium using the host’s actin to propel itself

A

Comet tail

44
Q

How do patients develop hemorrhagic spots?

A

lysis of cells results in leakage of blood (rash)

45
Q

R. prowazekii causes ___ fever, which is a ____ typhus transmitted by ___.

A

typhus; recrudescent; lice

46
Q

R. typhi is a more prevalent and widespread ___ typhus that is transmitted by ___ and their fleas.

A

murine; rats

47
Q

T/F. Orientia (rickettsia) tsutsugamushi has a scrub typhus with NO observed rash.

A

True.

48
Q

Ehrlichia is an obligate intracelluar bacterial transmitted by what tick?

A

lone star

49
Q

What cells types are affect by Ehrlichia?

A

monocytes and macrophages

50
Q

Ehrilichia develops within host cell vacuoles first as ___ cells (RC) and then as ___-___ cells (DC).

A

reticulate; dense-core

51
Q

why is diagnosis of rickettsiae problematic?

A

at first visit, fever or rash may not appear and patient may be unaware of tick bite. Handling is notoriously hazardous.

52
Q

What is the smallest organism capable of growth on cell-free media?

A

mycoplasma

53
Q

T/F. mycoplasma lack a cell wall and are not sensitive to penicillin

A

true.

54
Q

What do the cell membranes of Mycoplasma contain?

A

sterols

55
Q

T/F. Humans are the only reservoir for Mycoplasma pneumonia.

A

true.

56
Q

A patient is diagnosed with “walking pneumonia” which is not cleared by penicillin treatment. What is the cause of this disease?

A

Mycoplasma pneumoniae

57
Q

T/F. M. pneumonia penetrates the lung alveoli.

A

False. M. pneumonia causes bronchopneumonia.

58
Q

What is the main cell of the inflammatory response in a m. pneumoniae infection?

A

lymphocytes

59
Q

T/F. Ciliary function is impaired by m. pneumonia infections.

A

true

60
Q

In what condition do antibodies (IgM = cold hemagglutinins) cause RBC’s to stick together?

A

Hemolytic anemia

Microbiology (9 decks)

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