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cardiovascular > anythmias > Flashcards

anythmias Flashcards

1
Q

how can arrhythmias present

A

asymptomatic/incidental

palpitations, SOB, chest pain fatigue

embolism

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2
Q

what can cause a embolism

A

atrial fibrillation

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3
Q

how can a arrhythmia be investigates

A

ECG - 12 lead for 24hours

blood test - thyroid function

echocardiogram

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4
Q

what are the threptic approaches to arrhythmias

A

rate control (bpm)

vs

rhythm control (sinus rhythm)

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5
Q

what is the cause of supra ventricular tachycardia

A

AV node re-entrant tachycardia - the impulse bounces around the atrium

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6
Q

what are the sings/symptoms of supra ventricular tachycardia

A

palpitations, dyspnoea, dizziness

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7
Q

what is the prognosis

A

good

RFA is used and high success rate

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8
Q

what is RFA

A

Radio Frequency Ablation - burring of the effective electrical tissue

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9
Q

what is the treatment for atrial flutter

A

use drugs or electricity to sort out

control ventricular rate

and be mindful of thromboembolic risk

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10
Q

what is the treatment for ventricular fibrillation

A

cardiac arrest protocol

  • AED
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11
Q

what are the sings/symptoms of ventricular tachycardia

A

palpitations, dyspnoea, syncope

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12
Q

what usual causes ventricular tachycardia

A

structural heart disease

get bloods, echo and angiogram

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13
Q

what are the indications for ICD (inter cardiac device)

A

secondary prevention of disease ie MI caused by -

ventricular tachycardia/ fibrillation

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14
Q

what is 1st degree heart block

A

first degree atrioventricular block is the PR prolongation lengthened beyond 0.2 seconds

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15
Q

what is 2nd degree heart block

A

when your heart will skip a QRS complex

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16
Q

what are the two types of 2nd degree heart block

A

type 1

type 2

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17
Q

what is type 1 2nd degree heart block

A

when the heart ‘‘builds up’’ to the skipping of a QRS complex - meaning its in a pattern - body can usually cope

18
Q

what is type 2 2nd degree heart block

A

when the heart skips a QRS at irregular intervals - body cant cope with this

19
Q

what is type 3 heart block

A

when none of the P waves conduct a QRS complex they just happen independently of each other

20
Q

what can all antiarrhythmics cause

A

arrhythmias

21
Q

where is a thrombus most likely to occur in AF

A

the left atrium appendage

22
Q

what are indicators for anticoagulation

A

atrial fibrillation - stroke risk,

DVT, PE

metallic heart valves

post operative patients

high risk medical patients

immobilisation

23
Q

what is the most use antiplatelet drugs

A

warfarin, rivaroxaban

24
Q

what are some adverse effects of antiplatelet therapy’s (warfarin)

A

bleeding

drug-drug interactions

pregnancy’s - teratogenic

25
Q

when should pregnant women avoid taking warfarin

A

first and third trimesters

26
Q

what are the classes of antiarrhythmic drugs

A

1A
1B
1C

2
3
4
5

27
Q

what is a example of a class 1A drug

A

quinidine

28
Q

what is a example of a class 1B drug

A

lidocaine

29
Q

what is a example of a class 1C drug

A

flecaindie

30
Q

what are class 1 antiarrhythmics drugs

A

membrane stabilising agents

more effective at higher HR

31
Q

what are examples of class 2 antiarrhythmic drugs

A

beta blockers - atenolol, propranolol

32
Q

what do class 2 antiarrhythmic drugs do

A

prolong phase 4 depolarisation

slows SA discharge

negative effect on contractility

33
Q

what are the drugs for the first line for atrial fibrillation

A

class 2 - betablockers (bisoprolol)

34
Q

what are class 3 effects

A

increase action potential duration

prolongs ERP

35
Q

what is ERP

A

effective refractory period

36
Q

what are class 3 antiarrhythmic drugs used for

A

difficult to treat arrhythmias

life-threatening/ sustained ventricular tachycardia

37
Q

what is a example of a class 3 antiarrhythmic drugs

A

amiodarone

38
Q

what are class 4 antiarrhythmic drugs

A

calcium channel blockers

slows heart rate - slows AV conduction

39
Q

what is digoxin used for

A

heart failure

Atrial fibrillation/flutter

40
Q

what does digoxin do

A

increase vagal tone

slow SA/AV node conduction

cardiovascular (26 decks)

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