anythmias

Question 1

how can arrhythmias present

Answer 1

asymptomatic/incidental

palpitations, SOB, chest pain fatigue

embolism

Question 2

what can cause a embolism

Answer 2

atrial fibrillation

Question 3

how can a arrhythmia be investigates

Answer 3

ECG - 12 lead for 24hours

blood test - thyroid function

echocardiogram

Question 4

what are the threptic approaches to arrhythmias

Answer 4

rate control (bpm)

vs

rhythm control (sinus rhythm)

Question 5

what is the cause of supra ventricular tachycardia

Answer 5

AV node re-entrant tachycardia - the impulse bounces around the atrium

Question 6

what are the sings/symptoms of supra ventricular tachycardia

Answer 6

palpitations, dyspnoea, dizziness

Question 7

what is the prognosis

Answer 7

good

RFA is used and high success rate

Question 8

what is RFA

Answer 8

Radio Frequency Ablation - burring of the effective electrical tissue

Question 9

what is the treatment for atrial flutter

Answer 9

use drugs or electricity to sort out

control ventricular rate

and be mindful of thromboembolic risk

Question 10

what is the treatment for ventricular fibrillation

Answer 10

cardiac arrest protocol

• AED

Question 11

what are the sings/symptoms of ventricular tachycardia

Answer 11

palpitations, dyspnoea, syncope

Question 12

what usual causes ventricular tachycardia

Answer 12

structural heart disease

get bloods, echo and angiogram

Question 13

what are the indications for ICD (inter cardiac device)

Answer 13

secondary prevention of disease ie MI caused by -

ventricular tachycardia/ fibrillation

Question 14

what is 1st degree heart block

Answer 14

first degree atrioventricular block is the PR prolongation lengthened beyond 0.2 seconds

Question 15

what is 2nd degree heart block

Answer 15

when your heart will skip a QRS complex

Question 16

what are the two types of 2nd degree heart block

Answer 16

type 1

type 2

Question 17

what is type 1 2nd degree heart block

Answer 17

when the heart ‘‘builds up’’ to the skipping of a QRS complex - meaning its in a pattern - body can usually cope

Question 18

what is type 2 2nd degree heart block

Answer 18

when the heart skips a QRS at irregular intervals - body cant cope with this

Question 19

what is type 3 heart block

Answer 19

when none of the P waves conduct a QRS complex they just happen independently of each other

Question 20

what can all antiarrhythmics cause

Answer 20

arrhythmias

Question 21

where is a thrombus most likely to occur in AF

Answer 21

the left atrium appendage

Question 22

what are indicators for anticoagulation

Answer 22

atrial fibrillation - stroke risk,

DVT, PE

metallic heart valves

post operative patients

high risk medical patients

immobilisation

Question 23

what is the most use antiplatelet drugs

Answer 23

warfarin, rivaroxaban

Question 24

what are some adverse effects of antiplatelet therapy’s (warfarin)

Answer 24

bleeding

drug-drug interactions

pregnancy’s - teratogenic

Question 25

when should pregnant women avoid taking warfarin

Answer 25

first and third trimesters

Question 26

what are the classes of antiarrhythmic drugs

Answer 26

1A 1B 1C 2 3 4 5

Question 27

what is a example of a class 1A drug

Answer 27

quinidine

Question 28

what is a example of a class 1B drug

Answer 28

lidocaine

Question 29

what is a example of a class 1C drug

Answer 29

flecaindie

Question 30

what are class 1 antiarrhythmics drugs

Answer 30

membrane stabilising agents more effective at higher HR

Question 31

what are examples of class 2 antiarrhythmic drugs

Answer 31

beta blockers - atenolol, propranolol

Question 32

what do class 2 antiarrhythmic drugs do

Answer 32

prolong phase 4 depolarisation slows SA discharge negative effect on contractility

Question 33

what are the drugs for the first line for atrial fibrillation

Answer 33

class 2 - betablockers (bisoprolol)

Question 34

what are class 3 effects

Answer 34

increase action potential duration prolongs ERP

Question 35

what is ERP

Answer 35

effective refractory period

Question 36

what are class 3 antiarrhythmic drugs used for

Answer 36

difficult to treat arrhythmias life-threatening/ sustained ventricular tachycardia

Question 37

what is a example of a class 3 antiarrhythmic drugs

Answer 37

amiodarone

Question 38

what are class 4 antiarrhythmic drugs

Answer 38

calcium channel blockers slows heart rate - slows AV conduction

Question 39

what is digoxin used for

Answer 39

heart failure | Atrial fibrillation/flutter

Question 40

what does digoxin do

Answer 40

increase vagal tone slow SA/AV node conduction