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cardiovascular > physiology 2 > Flashcards

physiology 2 Flashcards

(94 cards)

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1
Q

what are the basic leads

A

standard limb leads

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2
Q

what planes to the limb leads work in

A

vertical or frontal plane

coronal plane

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3
Q

what are the 3 standard limb leads

A

I
II
III

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4
Q

what does SLL I record

A

left arm with regard to right arm

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5
Q

what does SLL II record

A

left leg with regard to right arm

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6
Q

what dose SLL III record

A

left leg with regard to left arm

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7
Q

what is transmitted well to the ECG

A

fats events - depolarisation and repolarisation of the action potentials

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8
Q

what is not transmitted well to the ECG

A

slow events - the plateau of the action potential

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9
Q

what causes a upward going blip

A

a move of approaching depolarisation

or a wave of repolarisation going away

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10
Q

what 3 limbs have electrodes on them

A

the left leg

left arm

right arm

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11
Q

what has the positive electrode on it

A

the limb being recorded with regards to another limb

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12
Q

what happens if a wave of depolarisation goes away from the limb being measured

A

a downward blip will occur

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13
Q

what happens when a wave of repolarisation approaches the limb being measured

A

a downward blip will occur

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14
Q

what does the time for QRS tell us

A

time for whole ventricle depolarisation

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15
Q

how ling dose the QRS complex take to complete - abnormal

A

about 0.08 secs

abnormal is greater than 0.12 seconds

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16
Q

what is the PR interval showing

A

time from atrial depolarisation to ventricular depolarisation

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17
Q

how long is the PR interval - why

A

normally = 0.12 - 0.2 seconds

due to wave having to pass through slow AV node

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18
Q

what does the QT interval show

A

the time spent were the whole ventricle is depolarised

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19
Q

what is the normal QT interval

A

about 0.42 seconds at 60bpm

depends on HR

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20
Q

can you see atrial repolarisation - why

A

NO

as the possible signal coincides with the ventricle depolarisation

it gets ‘‘drowned out’’

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21
Q

why is the QRS complex so complex

A

different parts of the ventricle depolarise at different times in different directions:

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22
Q

what causes the Q wave - and the downward blip

A

the interventricular septum depolarising from left to right

away from the left leg = blip down

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23
Q

what causes the R wave - why the upward spike

A

the bulk of the ventricle depolarises

upward blip = goes from endocardial to epicardial surface (inside to out)

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24
Q

what causes the S wave

why the downward blip

A

the upperpart of the intraventricular septum depolarises

it goes from bottom to top

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25
why is the t wave positive
as the action potential is longer on the endocardial cells then the epicardial cells - the wave of repolarisation runs the other way (ALMOST LIKE DOWN A CONC GRADIENT)
26
why is the R wave bigger on SLL 2
as the heart is tilted it follows the direction of SLL 2 the best
27
what would happen if heart rotated
you would see a decreased SLL 2 R wave and see either an increase or decrease in the other SLL depending on direction
28
what would happen during Right/left ventricular atrophy/hypertrophy
atrophy wastes away hypertrophy - builds up the side that wastes away would be weaker i.e. left atrophy would lead to weaker SLL 1 R wave being smaller
29
what are Augmented limb leads
it leads to two limb leads being combined ang giving an extra direction to the positive electrode
30
why are they useful
give 3 new perspectives
31
what are the names of the augmented limb leads - where do they lead
aVR - right arm aVL - left arm aVF - foot (left)
32
combining SLL and augmented limb leads gives you what
6 different vies of the vertical (coronal plane)
33
. What extra information do the precordial (chest) leads give you
look at the same events of the other leads, but in the horizontal (or transverse) plane
34
where are the precordial (chest) leads laced
front of the chest
35
what are all precordial chest leads
positive
36
what is normal for a precordial chest lead
negative blip on 1 by the end is a positive blip on 6
37
how may precordial leads are there
6
38
what way dose the wave of depolarisation go through the heart in the transverse plane
towards the midclavicular line
39
what does the rhythm strip tell us (5)
heart rate is there a P wave before QRS is PR to short/long is QRS to wide is QT to long
40
what is the calibrating pulse
0.2sec - l large square - 5mm
41
what speed should the rhythm strip go
run at 25mm/second
42
how is HR measured
could the R waves in 30 large squares (= 6 seconds) and multiply by 10
43
what is the term for below 60
bradycardia
44
what is the term for above 100
tachycardia
45
what is STEMI used for
hear attack classification STEMI is worse than NSTEMI
46
what is a STEMI
ST elevated myocardial infarction
47
what is a NSTEMI
non-ST elevated myocardial infarction
48
what happens in a STEM
the ST segment is raised up high and this is very prominent on a ECG
49
what dose myocardial infarction mean
``` myo = muscle cardial = cardiac infarction = death of tissue (necrosis) due to obstruction of blood ```
50
what is diastole
diastole occurs when the heart relaxes after contraction
51
what is systole
Systole occurs when the heart contracts to pump blood out
52
what are the 5 phases of the cardiac cycle
late diastole atryial systole isovolumic ventricular contraction ventricular ejection isovolumetric ventriculare relaxiation
53
what is the fancy name for listening to heart sounds
phonocardiogram
54
what generates the LUB sound
mirtal (bicuspid) and tricuspid valves closing
55
what generates the DUB sound
aortic and pulmonary vales closing
56
what sound indicates an abnormality or further investigation
a murmur = hissing, ssshhhh sound
57
when would you hear a murmur between the LUB and DUB
Stenosis of either Stenosis of either atrioventricular valves OR incontenance/ regurgitaion of the mitral and tricuspid valves
58
what would give arise to a constat murmur sound
a spetal defect
59
what would give arise to a murmur after the DUB and before the LUB
incontanace or regurgitation therough the Stenosis of either atrioventricular valves or stenosis of the mitral and/ or tricuspid valves
60
what causes the dicotic notch
the elastic energy of the ventricle
61
how long is systole roughly compared to diastole
1/3 systole | 2/3 diastole
62
what is isometric contraction
the contraction of the ventricle that doesnt open the aortic valve due to the
63
what is at the start and then the end of the isometric contraction phase
mitral valve closes | aortic valve opens
64
after the aortic valve opens what is this phase called
the rapid ejection phase
65
what happens after the rapid ejection phase - why
the slower ejection phase its slower as the pressure built up by the blood vol/isometric contraction has subsided
66
what does the aortic valve open
as the pressure in the ventricle is grater than in the aorta
67
what is the difference between systolic and diastolic called
pulse pressure
68
what does the 3rd heart sound relate to
rapid filling phase
69
when would you hear a healthy 3rd heart sound
in someone young/ or who has a healthy heart - with good elasticity
70
what is stroke volume
the difference between end systolic volume and end diastolic volume `
71
what is the ESV roughly
60ml
72
what happens when HR increases
it shortens diastole
73
when does preload start to get effected by HR
at about 120bpm reduces slow filling phase - encroaching on rapid filling phase
74
what does the sympathetic nervous system release
noradrenaline | and circulating adrenaline from the adrenal medulla
75
what does noradrenaline/ adrenaline act on
the beta 1 receptors on sinoatrial node
76
what does the sympathetic nervous system do
increase the slope of the pace maker potential - get closer to the threshold
77
what does the parasympathetic nervous system release
vagus releases acetylcholine
78
what does ACh act on
the muscarinic receptors on sinoatrial node
79
what does the parsympathetic do
hyperpolarises cells and decreases the slope of pacemaker potential
80
what is starlings law
the energy of contraction is proportional to the initla length of the cardiac muscle volume
81
what is preload affected by
end diastolic volume
82
what are the dominos after increased venous return
increased diastolic volume therefore increasing the stroke volume
83
what are the dominos after decreased venous return
decreased end diastolic volume and decreasing the stroke volume
84
what is afterload
the load against which the muscle tries to contract
85
what does TPR
total peripheral resistance
86
what happens if total peripheral resistance increases
aortic pressure will increase | ventricle will have to work harder - less energy for ejecting blood (stroke volume)
87
what happens to stimulated beta 1 receptors on the myocytes
increase contractility ionotropic effect stronger but shorter contraction move the graph up more stroke volume for the same diastolic volume
88
does parasympathetic NS effect stroke volume
no | valgus does not innervate ventricular muscle
89
how can cardiac out put increase by 4-6 times
increased HR increased contractily increased venous return TPR falls
90
what causes increased venous return
venoconstriction | skeletal/respiratory pumps
91
cardiac out put =
stroke volume x heart rate
92
what is hypercalcemia - pathological response
more calcium - shifts curve up
93
ischemia does what to ''the curve''
shifts it down
94
what is the ejection fraction
the stroke volume/EDV the stuff squirted out/stuff left in

cardiovascular (26 decks)

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