thrombosis and embolism

Question 1

what is stasis blood flow

Answer 1

stagnation of blood flow

Question 2

what is turbulence in relation to blood flow

Answer 2

forceful, unpredictable blood flow

Question 3

what defects occur in blood flow

Answer 3

thromboembolism

atheroma

hyperviscosity

spasm

external compression

vasculitits

vascular steal

Question 4

what is vascular steal

Answer 4

when the effects of stenosis are exhazarrbated because of excersise and redirection of blood

Question 5

what are the 3 parts of virchows triad

Answer 5

changes in the blood vessel wall

changes in the bloos constituents (platlets, RBCs, WBCs)

changes in the pattern of blood flow

Question 6

what do virchows triad do

Answer 6

the factors causing thrombosis

Question 7

what is the definition of a thrombus

Answer 7

formation of a solif mass from the constituents of blood WITHIN the vascular system DURING LIFE

Question 8

what is the definition of a clot

Answer 8

formation of mass from the constitiuents of blood

either OUTSIDE the vascular system

or inside the vascular system AFTER DEATH

Question 9

what is the factor that causes thrombus formation (thrombosis)

Answer 9

changes in the vessel wall

Question 10

what are 3 main parts of pathogenesis of thrombosis

Answer 10

VIRCHOWS TRIAD

endothelial injury

stasis or turbulent blood flow

hypercoaguablitity of the blood

Question 11

what happens to a atheromatous coronary artery to form a thrombus

Answer 11

turbulent blood flow, loss of intimal cells,

collagen exposed - platelets adhere, fibrin meshwork RBCs trapped

Question 12

what are examples of the virkos triad relating to change in constituents

Answer 12

hyperlipdeamia

hyper viscosity
post- traumatic hypercoagulablity

Question 13

what are some examples of changes in blood flow (virkows triad)

Answer 13

stasis - economy class syndrome

turbulence - atheromatous plaque, aortic aneurysm

Question 14

what do the consequences of a thrombus depend on

Answer 14

site
extent
collateral circulation

Question 15

what are the outcomes of a thrombus

Answer 15

resolution (small thrombus)

organasation/recanulisation

propagation (forming an embolism)

death

Question 16

what is the definition of embolism

Answer 16

movment of abnormal material in the blood stream that then gets lodged (inpactation) in a vessel blocking its lumen

Question 17

what is an embolus

Answer 17

detached intravascular solid, liquid or gaseous mass

Question 18

what are the types of embolus

Answer 18

systemic/arterial thromboembolus

venous thromboembolus

fat embolus

gas embolus

air embolus

tumour

trophoblast

amniotic fluid

bone marrow

septic material

foreing bodies

Question 19

what is an example of a embolus caused by a foreing body

Answer 19

intravascular cannulae tip, sutures

Question 20

how could a embolism be caused by bone marrow

Answer 20

rib fractures

caused by CPR?

Question 21

what whould an amniotic fluid embolus cause

Answer 21

mother collapses

can die during child birth

Question 22

what embolus can a pregnant woman get (other than an amniotic fluid embolism)

Answer 22

trophoblast embolism

in pregnant women

often in the lungs

Question 23

how world someone get a septic material embolism

Answer 23

by infective endocatditits - microorganism vegitations break off and form emboli

Question 24

how would you get a air embolus

Answer 24

head and neck wounds

surgery

central venous lines

Question 25

how would you get a gas embolus

Answer 25

decompression sickness N2 forms as bubbles wich lodge in cappilaries

Question 26

how would you get a fat embolus

Answer 26

after a major fracture 24-72hrs after fat embolism syndrome - brain, kidneys, skin all affected

Question 27

how wohow would you get a systemic/arteriral thromboembolus

Answer 27

mural thrombus (because of MI or left atrial dilatation with atrial fibrillation ) aortic aneyrysms, atheromatous, plaques, valvular vegitations

Question 28

what is a mural thrombus

Answer 28

a thrombus that occurs in large arteries like the aorta

Question 29

where do systemic thromboembolus travel to

Answer 29

wide variety of sites lower limbs are most common, brain is common too

Question 30

where would a venous thromboembolus orginitate

Answer 30

deep venous thromoboses (lowe limbs) most common form of thromboemboli disease

Question 31

where do venous thromboembolus thravel to

Answer 31

the pulmonary arterial circulation

Question 32

what is a saddle embolus

Answer 32

one that lodges at a bifurcation

Question 33

what would happen if tyou have multiple pulmonary embolisms over time

Answer 33

pulmonary ypertension and right ventricular failure

Question 34

consequences of a pulmonary thromboembolus depend on what

Answer 34

size

Question 35

what are the risk factors for DVT and pulmonary thromboembolism

Answer 35

cardiac failure severe trauma/ burns oral contraceptive old age immobalisation ( bed rest) obesity post- operative/ post-partum (giving birth)

Question 36

what are the prophalaxys given for surgical pateints

Answer 36

heprin

Question 37

what is rheumatic fever

Answer 37

a immunity disorder inflammatory changes in the heart and joints common in india, middle east, central Africa children aged 5-15 years

Question 38

what can rheumatic fever lead to

Answer 38

pancarditis (inflammation affecting endocardium myocardium and pericardium) heart murmours are common

Question 39

what cells are seen in heart in acute rheumatic fever

Answer 39

aschoff body

Question 40

what are the pathological problems that result from valvular heart disease

Answer 40

valvular stenoisis valvular incompetence vegitations - often mitral valve

Question 41

what can Pancarditis in acute rheumatic fever lead to

Answer 41

chronic rheumatic heart disease whci presents as valvular abnormalities

Question 42

what is virtulally the only cause of mitral stenosis

Answer 42

rheumatic heart disease