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cardiovascular > physiology 3 > Flashcards

physiology 3 Flashcards

(71 cards)

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1
Q

what are the 3 types of capillaries

A

continuous
fenestrated
discontinuous

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2
Q

what are continuous capillaries

A

no clefts or pores - ie brain

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3
Q

what are fenestrated capillaries

A

capillaries that have clefts and pores - in the intestines

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4
Q

what are discontinuous capillaries

A

capillaries that have clefts and massive pores - ie liver

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5
Q

what is bulk flow

A

the process that occurs in capillaries leading to mass diffusion

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6
Q

what forces push fluid into the capillaries

A

osmotic, oncotic pressure

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7
Q

what force pushed fluid out of the capillaries

A

hydrostatic pressure

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8
Q

are there valves in lymph vessels - why

A

yes - passive transport need fluid to not go backwards

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9
Q

what is oedema

A

accumulation of fluid

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10
Q

what can cause oedema

A

lymph obstruction

raise CVP

hypoproteinaemia - liver failure, nutrition

increased capillary permeability - infection

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11
Q

what is Darcy’s law

A

flow = change in pressure/resistance

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12
Q

what is CVP

A

central venous pressure

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13
Q

what is central venous pressure - what does it show

A

the blood pressure in the venae cavae, - reflects the amount of blood returning to the heart

the ability of the heart to pump the blood back into the arterial system

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14
Q

how is Darcy’s law applied to the systemic circulation

A

MAP = CO x TPR

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15
Q

what is resistance juggling

A

controlling intrinsic, extrinsic mechanisms - to moderate arteriolar radius

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16
Q

why does arteriolar radius need to be monitored

A

to make sure MAP is sufficient as well as the blood flow to the vascular beds.

(which contradict each other)

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17
Q

what are intrinsic mechanisms concered with

A

the selfish needs of individual tissues and organs

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18
Q

what are extrinsic mechanisms concerned with

A

mataining TPR and in tturn MAP -

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19
Q

what happens if MAP drops

A

then blood pressure will have droped leading to possible singopy

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20
Q

what are the two types of extrinsic control

A

neural

hormonal

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21
Q

what are the main nerves in extrinsic control

A

sympathetic - nor adrenaline - beta 1 - fasoconstriction

parasympathetic usually has no effect

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22
Q

what are the extrinsic hormonal controls

A

adrenaline
angiotensin 2
vasopressin
atrial natriuretic factor

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23
Q

what are the majority of intrinsic controls

A

local controls

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24
Q

how does adrenaline effect TPR

A

same effect as nor adrenaline on the beta 1 receptors

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25
what happens in some other tissures when adrenaline is released
activates beta 2 receptos causing arteriolar dilation - increased flow with lower TPR
26
what does angiotension 2 do to the extrinsic control
produced in response to low blood volume arterial constriction increased Total pheripheral resistance
27
what does vasopressin do to the extrinsic control - what is it
antidiuretic hormone released in response to low blood volume causes arteriolar constriction increased TPR
28
what does atrial natriuretic factor do
released in response to high blood volume causes arteriolar dilation decrease TPR
29
what are the 3 local(intrinsic) controls
active (metabolic) hyperaemia pressure (flow) autoregulation reactive hyperaemia the injury response
30
what are some of the special circulations
coronary circulation cerebral circulation pulmonary circulation renal circulation
31
what is special about the renal circulation
main function is filtration which depends on pressure changes in MAP would have big effects on blood volume shows excellent pressure autoregulation
32
what is special about the pulmonary circulation
O2 causes arteriolar constriction the opposite response to most tissues ensures that blood is directed to the best ventilated parts of the lung
33
what is special about the cerebral circulation
must be kept stable whatever otherwise syncope shows excellent pressure autoregulation
34
what is special about coronary circulation
blood supply is interrupted by systole shows excellent hyperaemia express many beta 2 receptors - swamp any sympathetic arteriolar constriction
35
how does active metabolic hyperaemia work
increased metabolic activity - increased conc. of metabolites triggers release of paracrines arteriolar dilation increases flow to wash out metabolites
36
what are some example of paracrine
EDRF - endothelium derived relaxing factor NO - nitric oxide
37
what is active metabolic hyperaemia an example of
an adaptation to match blood supply to the metabolic needs of that tissue
38
what is hyperaemia
an excess of blood in the vessels supplying an organ or other part of the body.
39
how does reactive hyperaemia work
occlusion of blood supply causes a subsequent increase in blood flow an extrema version of pressure autoregulation
40
how does pressure flow autoregulation work
much in the same way as active metabolism regulation as it responds to the accumulation of metabolites
41
what is different from active metabollic regulation to pressure(flow) regulation
pressure flow regulation is in response to a drop in MAP by dilating to keep flow the same as otherwise it would be reduced
42
how does the injury response work
mast cell releases histamine leading to increases blood flow/permeability
43
what do elastic arteries act as
pressure resoviour - dampens down pressure variations
44
what is the pressure wave (in arteries)
stroke volume velocity of ejection elastic of arteries TPR
45
what is the normal arterial pressure
120/80 mmHg
46
what is the systemic filling pressure - what is it
20 to 5 mmHg | the pressure going back in to the right atrium from the veins
47
how does pressure drop through the vascular tree
small drop through arteries large drop through arterioles leaves a small pressure for the capillaries
48
what is the pressure in the pulmonary circulation
1/5th of the systemic
49
what is the small drop in pressure through the arteries
95 to 90 mmHg
50
what is the large drop through the arterioles
90 to 40 mmHg
51
what are the 5 thighs that effect venous pressure and venous return
gravity skeletal muscle pump venomotor tone systemic filling pressure
52
what effect doe gravity have on pressure and flow
``` pools in the legs leading to -30mmHg - head - SUBTRACTS 40mmHg 0 mmHg heart ADDS - 80mmHg +90 mmHG ```
53
what does gravity cause to pressure and flow
causes venous distension in legs reduce EDV, preload, SV, CO, MAP cause venous collapse in neck - estimate central venous pressure
54
does gravity effect driving pressure from arteries to veins
no way
55
what is skeletal muscle pump
the moment of blood through the veins by the contraction of muscle rhythmic vs static exercise
56
what does skeletal muscle pump prevents
deep vein thrombosis
57
how does the respiratory pump
the thoracic cavity creates a negative pressure when inspiration leads to a deficit with +ve pressure in the abdomen pulling blood up to the heart
58
what is vasomotor tone
state of contraction of the smooth muscle surrounding the venules and veins mobilises capacitance
59
what is capacitance
the blood stored up in the veins that is forced up after increased MAP
60
what is systemic filling pressure
pressure created by ventricles and transmitted through vascular tree to the veins
61
what does clotting involve
formation of a platelet plug | formation of a fibrin clot
62
what turns fibrinogen to fibrin
thrombin
63
what becomes fibrin
fibrinogen
64
what does fibrinogen become
fibrin
65
how does the endothelium stop the clotting
anti-clotting mechanisms
66
what are some of the anti-clotting mechanisms
thrombomodulin heparin produces tissue factor pathway inhibitor (TFPI) t-PA prostacyclin and NO
67
what does TFPI tissue factor pathway inhibitor
stop thrombin production
68
what does thrombomodulin do
binds to thrombin and inactivates it
69
what does heparin do
inactivates thrombin
70
what is t - PA what does it do
tissue plasminogen activator plasminogen which makes plasmin that digests clot
71
what does prostacyclin and NO do
both inhibit platelet aggregation

cardiovascular (26 decks)

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