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cardiovascular > DVT, lympahtic and venous disease > Flashcards

DVT, lympahtic and venous disease Flashcards

1
Q

what % of the population do varicose veins effect

A

1/3

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2
Q

what is a varicose vein

A

a vein that is dilated and twisty

often superficial

most commonly in the lower limbs

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3
Q

what are the risk factors of varicose veins

A

age - older

female

pregnancies

DVT

standing for a long time (occupation)

family history

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4
Q

what is the pathophysiology of varicose veins

A

damaged valves - lead to more incompetence distally and a build up of blood

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5
Q

what can cause damage to the valves

A

surgical or trauma

DVT

hormonal changes - pregnancy - weaken valves

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6
Q

how do you diagnose a varicose vein

A 
burning
itching
heaviness
swelling
discolouration

ulceration - in extreme circumstances

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7
Q

what are some investigations that can be carried out

A

ultrasound the valves

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8
Q

what is the management of varicose veins

A

1st - endovenous treatment

2nd - ultrasound guided sclerotherapy

3rd - open surgery

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9
Q

what is endovenous treatment

A

when the LSV or SSV is cannulated under ultrasound

the catheter causes irritation to the venous wall and occludes the vein

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10
Q

what is the LSV

A

lesser saphenous vein

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11
Q

what is the SSV

A

small saphenous vein

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12
Q

how are the veins occluded

A

fibrosis of the venous wall

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13
Q

what is foam sclerotherapy

A

under ultrasound chemical foam is injected into the affect vein

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14
Q

what dose open surgery do for varicose veins

A

the vein is striped out and removed

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15
Q

what is chronic venous insufficiency

A

failure calf muscle pump

superficial/ deep venous reflux

venous obstruction

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16
Q

what are the symptoms of chronic venous insufficiency

A

oedema

eczema

hypopigmentation

ulceration

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17
Q

how do you treat chronic venous insufficiency

A

exclude arterial disease

wound care
elevation
compression bandaging

18
Q

what is the pathology of primary lymphedema

A

congenital

around puberty

19
Q

what is the pathology of secondary lymphedema

A

malignancy

surgery

infection

20
Q

what is the treatment of lymphedema

A

elevation

drainage

21
Q

what can cause venous obstruction

A

heart failure

portal hypertension

obesity

22
Q

what are venous ulcers

A

Breach in the skin between the knee and ankle joint, present for >4 weeks

23
Q

what is the different between arterial and venous thrombosis

A

caused by stasis and hypercoaguality

causing back pressure

24
Q

what is the definition of embolism

A

Intravascular material that migrates from its original location to a distal vessel

E.g: blood clot, fat, air, tumour

25
Q

what is the definition of thromboembolism

A

Movement of blood clot along a vessel

26
Q

what are examples of venous thromboembolisms (VTE)

A

DVT

PE

27
Q

what are the risk factors of VTE

A

surgery
obstetrics
lower limb problems

28
Q

what are the sings of a DVT

A

unilateral limb swelling
persistent discomfort
calf tenderness

29
Q

how do you diagnose a DVT

A

blood test - d dimer

imaging - compression ultrasound if D-dimer is positive

30
Q

what is a D Dimer

A

a chemical from the Breakdown product of cross-linked fibrin

clot

31
Q

what does the d dimer test have

A

High sensitivity for VTE

Low specificity for VTE

32
Q

what are the sings/symptoms of small PEs

A

pleuritic chest pain
SOB
haemoptysis
tachycardia

33
Q

what are the sings and symptoms of a massive PE

A

sever/ sudden onset SOB

collapse

central cyanosis

tachycardia

low BP

34
Q

how do you diagnoses a PE

A

blood test - d-dimer

imaging

35
Q

what are the imaging technique for PEs

A

isotope ventilation/perfusion scan

CT pulmonary angiogram

36
Q

what are the aims of treatment for VTE

A

to prevent…

clot extension

clot embolization

recurrent clot

37
Q

what are the treatment options of VTE

A

anticoagulation

thrombolysis for massive PE

38
Q

what is the drug used in thrombolysis of big PEs

A

alteplase

39
Q

how can VTEs be prevented in hospital

A

early mobilisation

anti-embolism stockings

40
Q

what are the anticoagulation drugs that are used for VTE

A

LMW heparin

warfarin

cardiovascular (26 decks)

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