AP Bio Unit 2: Cell Structure and Function

Question 1

Genomes are encased in what?

Answer 1

They are encased in membrane-bound organelles called nuclei.

sing. nucleus

Question 2

What reflects commom ancestry in eukaryotes and proaryotes?

Answer 2

Genomes and ribosomes

Question 3

Are ribosomes membrane enclosed structures?

Answer 3

No

Question 4

What are ribosomes made up of?

Answer 4

Two subunits (one big and one small), more in future lessons

Question 5

What is needed to synthesize protiens using ribosomes?

Answer 5

mRNA, tRNA, and amino acids

Question 6

Is the ER membrane enclosed?

Answer 6

Yes

Question 7

What does the rough ER do?

Answer 7

It packages the newly synthesized protiens for transport out of the cell

Question 8

What does the smooth ER do?

Answer 8

It’s functions include detoxification and lipid synthesis

Question 9

What is the golgi complex made of?

Answer 9

Its a series of flattened membrane bound sacs (in eukaryotic cells)

Question 10

What does the golgi complex do?

Answer 10

Its involved in the correct folding and modification of newly synthesized protiens and packaging for protien traffacking

Question 11

What is a mitochondrion made of?

Answer 11

A smooth outer membrane and convuluted inner membrane called cristae

Question 12

What does mitochodria do?

Answer 12

It functions in the production of ATP

Question 13

What is a lysosome sac?

Answer 13

It’s a membrane enclosed sac filled with hydrolytic enzymes

Question 14

What do lysosomes do?

Answer 14

Their enzymes can be used to digest damaged cell parts or macromolecules

Question 15

What are vacuoles?

Answer 15

They are membrane bound sacs

Question 16

What do vacuoles do?

Answer 16

Storage of water and release of waste in a cell (perhaps more things as well)

Question 17

What are chloroplasts?

Answer 17

They’re structures that have double membranes and that are specialized in capturing energy from the sun and producing sugar for the organism

Question 18

What are the two compartments that make up a chloroplast?

Answer 18

Thylakoids and stroma

Question 19

What are thylakoids?

Answer 19

They are highly folded membrane compartments that are organized in stacks called grana.

Question 20

What are some features of the thylakoids?

Answer 20

Its membranes contain chlorophyll, and electron transport protiens can be found between the photosystems, embedded in the thylakoid membrane. The light dependent reactions occur there.

Question 21

What are some features of the stroma of chloroplasts?

Answer 21

It is the fluid between the inner chloroplast membrane and outer thylakoids, and it is where the carbon fixation cycle occurs.

Question 22

What are photosystems and where are they located?

Answer 22

Photosystems are complexes of proteins and pigments found in the thylakoid membranes of chloroplasts in plant cells (and in the membranes of cyanobacteria.)

Question 23

Where do the light independant reactions occur?

Answer 23

In the stroma of the chloroplasts in plant cells.

Also known as the Calvin cycle

Question 24

Where do the light dependant reactions occur?

Answer 24

In the thylakoids of chloroplasts

Question 25

Why is it better for cells to be small?

Answer 25

1. Because the cell typically has a greater cell to surface area to volume ratio, which leads to a more effecient exchange of materials 2. Transporting things such as waste and nutrients gets more challenging the bigger the cell is

Question 26

Smaller cells that have greater surface area to volume ratios have...

Answer 26

1. Better chances of survival 2. Adequate surface area to channel the exchange of nutrients needed by the cell and waste expunged out of the cell

Question 27

What're the formulas for surface area and volume?

Answer 27

SA: 4pir^2 V: 4/3pir^3

Question 28

What are some examples of membrane folding increasing surface area?

Answer 28

Root hairs on the surface of plant roots, and membrane folds on the lining of the small intestine (villi and microvilli)

Question 29

What is one thing that gets affected in larger organisms (considering their smaller surface area to volume ratio)?

Answer 29

Their heat dissapation

Question 30

How do elephants combat their smaller surface area to volume ratio?

Answer 30

Their ears to dissapate heat

Question 31

What are stomata?

Answer 31

They are specialized exchange surfaces that change their shape in order to obtain or release certain molecules from or into the environment

Question 32

What do cell membranes provide?

Answer 32

A barrier between the inside and outside of the cell

Question 33

What do cell membranes control?

Answer 33

They control the transport of materials in and out of the cell

Question 34

What are the protiens that can be found in the cells membrane?

Answer 34

Integral and periphiral protiens

Question 35

What does amphipathic mean?

Answer 35

It's a term used to describe something that's both hydrophillic and hydrophobic

Question 36

What do phospholipids form?

Answer 36

They spontaneously form a bi-layer in an aqeous environment

Question 37

What is a phospholipid made of?

Answer 37

A hydrophobic phosphate head, which is polar, and a hydrophobic fatty acid tail, which is nonpolar.

Question 38

Are protiens that are part of the cells membrane hydrophillic or hydrophobic?

Answer 38

Actually they can be either: 1. Periphiral protiens are hydrophillic. 2. Integral protiens are both hydrophillic and hydrophobic

Question 39

What are some functions of the membrane protiens?

Answer 39

1. Transport 2. Cell-cell recognition 3. Enzymatic activity 4. Signal transduction 5. Intercellular joining 6. Attachment for intracellular matrix or cytoskeleton

Question 40

What is the framework of the cell membrane described as?

Answer 40

A Fluid Mosaic Model

Question 41

Are the bonds of the cell membrane weak or strong, and why?

Answer 41

It is relatively weaker than covalent bonds because it's held together primarly by hydrophobic interactions

Question 42

What is cholerstrol?

Answer 42

A type of steriod

Question 43

What does cholerstrol do in the Fluid Mosaic model?

Answer 43

It is randomly distributed and wedged between phospholipids of eukaryotic cells and regulates bilayer fluidity under different conditions of the cell

Question 44

What does a Fluid Mosaic Model contain?

Answer 44

A phospholipid bilayer, protiens (periphiral and integral). cholestrol, and carbohydrates

Question 45

What do carbohydrates do in the fluid mosaic model?

Answer 45

They function as markers.

Question 46

What are the different types of carbohydrate markers?

Answer 46

Glycoprotiens: attached to protiens Glycolipids: attached to lipids