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Phoebe's Class > AP Biology Unit 4 Review > Flashcards

AP Biology Unit 4 Review Flashcards

(89 cards)

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1
Q

Steps to Cellular Communication
(Video)

A
  1. Reception
  2. Transduction
  3. Response
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2
Q

Ligand (signaling molecules) binds to receptor
(Video)

A

Reception

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3
Q

Causes confirmational shape change
(Video)

A

Reception

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4
Q

G protein coupled receptor, Ligand gated ion channel, Tyrosine Receptor Kinase, and Kinases
(Video)

A

Reception

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5
Q

Ligand can be a _______ and _______ hormone
(Video)

A

Steroid and Protein

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6
Q

Release of Steroid Hormone: ______ Diffusion
(Video)

A

Simple

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7
Q

Receptor of Steroid Hormone: _____________
(Video)

A

Intracellular

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8
Q

Protein Hormone release: __________
(Video)

A

Exocytosis

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9
Q

Protein Hormone Receptor: _____________
(Video)

A

Extracellular

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10
Q

Signaling cascades relay signals from receptors to cell targets, often amplifying the incoming signals
(Video)

A

Transduction

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11
Q

A series of enzyme-catalyzed phosphorylation reactions commonly used in signal transduction pathways to amplify a message
(Video)

A

Phosphorylation Cascade

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12
Q

Protein Kinase and phosphorylate relay molecules
(Video)

A

Phosphorylation Cascade

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13
Q

Causes phosphorylation and activates molecules
(Video)

A

Protein Kinase

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14
Q

Causes dephosphorylation and deactivates molecules
(Video)

A

Protein Phosphate

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15
Q

Small, non-protein molecules and ions help relay the message and amplify the response
(Video)

A

Second Messengers

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16
Q

Types of Secondary Messengers
(Video)

A

Ca2-, cAMP, and GMP

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17
Q

The final molecule in the signaling pathway converts the signal to a response that will alter a cellular process
(Video)

A

Response

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18
Q

Cell growth, secretion of molecules, modify gene expression, alter cell function/ phenotype, and apoptosis
(Video)

A

Response

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19
Q

Turning on or off a gene
(Video)

A

Gene expression

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20
Q

Receptors can be ________ or ________
(Video)

A

Enzymes or Proteins

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20
Q

ATP has _____ phosphates whereas cAMP has ___ phosphate
(Video)

A

Three, One

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21
Q

Self signaling communication
(Video)

A

Autocrine

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22
Q

Direct Contact/Signal communication
(Video)

A

Juxtacrine

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23
Q

Short distance communication
(Video)

A

Paracrine

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24
Long distance communication (Video)
Endocrine
25
What makes up interphase? (Video)
G1, S, and G2 phases
26
Mitosis and Cytokinesis (Video)
M phase
27
The cell grows through all different phases of __________ (Video)
interphase
28
Duplication of organelles (Video)
G1 phase
29
Synthesis of proteins, RNA, and building blocks (Video)
G1 phase
30
Replication of genetic material and centrosomes (Video)
S phase
31
Synthesis of proteins and RNA (Video)
G2 phase
32
Makes organelles (Video)
G2 phase
33
Reorganizes cellular contents (Video)
G2 phase
34
Exiting the cell cycle and the cell is just being present (ex. neurons) (Video)
G0 phase
35
Cells are preparing to divide (Video)
Prophase
36
Micro tubules enter nuclear area and some attached to kinetochores (Video)
Prometaphase
37
Sister chromatids line up in the middle (Video)
Metaphase
38
Sister chromatids pulled apart to opposite poles (Video)
Anaphase
39
Two new nuclei are formed (Video)
Telophase
40
Division of the cytoplasm (Video)
Cytokineses
41
Determines whether to complete the cell cycle (Video)
G1 checkpoint
42
Growth factor, Adequate reserve, and checks for DNA damage (Video)
G1 checkpoint
43
If does not pass G1 checkpoint, it enters __ state (Video)
G0 checkpoint
44
End of interphase (Video)
G2 checkpoint
45
Check all DNA replicated and not damaged (Video)
G2 checkpoint
46
Check sister chromatids attached to spindle microtubules (Video)
M checkpoint
47
Cell signaling involves a ______, a _________ ________, and a ________ _______ (Book)
ligand, signaling molecules, and receptor protein
48
The ________ can be located on the cell membrane for ___________ ligands (Book)
receptor, hydrophilic
49
The ________ can be located ______ the cell for ___________ ligands (Book)
receptor, inside, hydrophobic
50
Direct physical contact between cells (Book)
Juxtacrine
51
___ _________ occur in animals (Book)
Gap Junctions
52
_____________ occur in plants (Book)
Plasmodesmata
53
Cells close to one another but not in direct contact (Book)
Paracrine signaling
54
_________ signals can diffuse only over relatively short distances
Paracrine
55
Cells far apart communication when hormones are released into the bloodstream and travel long distances to target cells in the body (Book)
Endocrine signaling
56
Large molecules that must bind to receptors on the cell membrane
Protein hormones
57
Lipid-soluble molecules that are able to pass through the cell membrane and attach to an intracellular receptor
Steroid hormones
58
Nerve cells release neurotransmitters across a synapse to communicate with target cells (Book)
Synaptic signaling
59
A cell sends a signal to itself by secreting something that in turn binds to specific receptors on its own membrane (Book)
Autocrine signaling
60
Series of molecular events where a signal is converted into a cellular response (Book)
Signal Transduction Pathway
61
Phosphorylation of proteins (Book)
Kinases
62
Dephosphorylation of proteins (Book)
Phosphatases
63
Small non protein molecules that pass messages along (Book)
Secondary Messengers
64
2 types of Secondary messengers (Book)
Calcium (Ca2+) and Cyclic AMP (cAMP)
65
Mechanism by which prokaryotic cells divide. The cell elongates and pinches into two new daughter cells (Book)
Binary Fission
66
Phases __ and __ are growth stages (Book)
G1 and G2
67
Phase where DNA is duplicated (Book)
S phase
68
Cell division phase (Book)
M phase
69
G1,S, and G2 make up this phase ___ of its cycle is in this phase (Book)
Interphase, 90%
70
Raw material that gives rise to the chromosomes
Chromatin
71
Nuclear envelope breaks down and spindle fibers attach to kinetochores on the chromosomes (Notes)
Prometaphase
72
Plant cell structure Constructed in the Golgi apparatus Composed of vesicles that fuse together along the middle of the cell completing the separation process (Book)
Cell plate
73
Groove formed in animal cells between two daughter cells that pinches together to complete the separation of the two cells after mitosis (Book)
Cleavage furrow
74
Apparatus constructed from microtubules that assist the cell in the physical separation of the chromosomes during mitosis (Book)
Mitotic spindle
75
Cell verifies that there are enough nutrients and raw materials to progress to the next stage of the cycle (Book)
Chekpoints
76
Certain density of cells is reached, growth of the cells will slow or stop (Book)
Density-dependent inhibition
77
Cells will not divide if certain factors are absent (Book)
Growth factors
78
A protein that accumulates during G1, S, and G2 of the cell cycle (Book)
Cyclin
79
A protein that controls other proteins through the addition of phosphate groups (Book)
Protein kinase
80
A hormone acts to directly or indirectly inhibit further secretion of the hormone of interest (Book)
Negative feedback
81
A hormone acts to directly or indirectly cause increased secretion of the hormone (Book)
Positive feedback
82
One copy of each chromosome
Haploid
83
Two copies of each chromosome
Diploid
84
Gametophyte is _______
Haploid
85
At the end of Mitosis, there are __ chromosomes and __ chromatids
46
86
Number of chromosomes double in ________ and _________
Anaphase and Telophase
87
Failure of normal separation or moving apart chromosomes toward opposite poles of the cell (Notes)
Nondisjunction
88
_______ and _____ are control mechanisms (Notes)
Cyclins and CDK's

Phoebe's Class (36 decks)

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