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Phoebe's Class > Unit 3 AP Biology Review > Flashcards

Unit 3 AP Biology Review Flashcards

(100 cards)

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1
Q

Simplified Equation of Photosynthesis

A

6CO2 + 6H2O + Light energy -> C6H12O6 + 6O2

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2
Q

Proteins that act as organic catalysts

A

Enzymes

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3
Q

Speed up reactions by lowering the energy (activation energy) needed for the reaction to take place

A

Catalysts

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4
Q

Substances that enzymes act on

A

Substrates

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5
Q

Part of the enzyme that interacts with the substrate

A

Active site

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6
Q

Suggests that the enzyme and the substrate possess specific complementary geometric shapes that fit perfectly

A

Lock and key model

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7
Q

Describes the active site of an enzyme as specific for a particular substrate that fits its shape

A

Induced-fit model

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8
Q

When the enzyme and substrate bind together the enzyme is _______ to alter its shape for a _______ active-site substrate attachment

A

induced, tighter

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9
Q

This tight for places the substrate in a favorable position to react ________ up (____________) the rate of reaction

A

speeding, accelerating

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10
Q

If those values stray too far from “_______”, the effectiveness of the enzyme will suffer and the enzyme could ________

A

optimal, denature

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11
Q

The effectiveness of an enzyme can be affected by four things:

A
  1. Temperature
  2. pH level
  3. Concentration of the substrate involved
  4. Concentration of the enzyme involved
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12
Q

An inhibitor molecule resembling the substrate binds to the active site and physically blocks the substrate from attaching

A

Competitive Inhibition

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13
Q

An inhibitor molecule binds to a different part of the enzyme, causing a change in the shape of the active site so that it can no longer interact with the substrate

A

Noncompetitive Inhibitor

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14
Q

Energy cannot be created or destroyed; it can only change form, and it must be obtained through its environment

A

First law of Thermodynamics

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15
Q

Life is in a constant movement toward entropy or a “gradual decline of order” in a system and requires a constant input of energy from its environment that can be used to overcome this decline of order

A

Second law of Thermodynamics

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16
Q

Without the ________ input of energy, the organism will ___

A

constant, die

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17
Q

Reactions in which energy is absorbed from the surroundings

A

Endergonic reactions

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18
Q

Reactions in which free energy is released

A

Exergonic reactions

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19
Q

In an __________ reaction, the products of the reaction contain ____ energy than the reactants, and the extra energy must be _______ for the reactions to proceed

A

endergonic, more, supplied

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20
Q

In an _________ reaction, the products contain ____ energy than the reactants, and the excess energy is ________

A

exergonic, less, released

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21
Q

Energy currency of life

A

ATP

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22
Q

Constructed from an adenosine diphosphate and an inorganic phosphate group (Pi) through phosphorylation

A

ATP

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23
Q

A chemical process in which a phosphate group is added using free energy

A

Phosphorylation

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24
Q

Occurs in the cytoplasm of cells

A

Glycolysis

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25
Beginning pathway for both anaerobic and aerobic respiration
Glycolysis
26
Starting Materials of Glycolysis
2 ATP Glucose 6 Carbon
27
End Products of Glycolysis
2 pyruvate 2 ATP 2 NADH
28
Also known as the Citric Acid Cycle
Krebs Cycle
29
Occurs in the matrix of the mitocondria
Krebs Cycle
30
For each _______ dropped into glycolysis, the Krebs cycle occurs _____
glucose, twice
31
Starting Materials for the Krebs Cycle
2 oxaloacetate 2 acetyl Co-A
32
End Products for the Citric Acid Cycle
6 NADH 2 FADH2 2 ATP 2 CO2 (If the cycle were to happen twice)
33
One molecule of glucose has produced
10 NADH 2 FADH2 4 ATP
34
Aerobic process in which NADH and FADH2 pass their electrons down the electron transport chain to produce ATP
Oxidative Phosphorylation
35
The largest energy producing step
Oxidative Phosphorylation
36
Location is the Mitochondrial Cristae
Oxidative Phosphorylation
37
Starting Material
NADH FADH2 (electrons)
38
End Products of Oxidative Phosphorylation
ATP
39
The two parts to Oxidative Phosphorylation
Electron Transport Chain and Chemiosmosis
40
Occurs in the Mitochondrial Inner Membrane
Electron Transport Chain
41
Starting Materials for Electron Transport Chain
NADH FADH2
42
End Products for Electron Transport Chain
H2O 32-34 ATP
43
1. Protons pumped into Inner Membrane space 2. Generate proton gradient
Electron Transport Chain
44
What is the final electron acceptor in the Electron Transport Chain?
Oxygen
45
The coupling of the movement of electrons down the electron transport chain with the formation of ATP using the driving force provided by a proton gradient
Chemiosmosis
46
A reaction that uses the product of one reaction as part of another reaction
Coupled reaction
47
1. ATP Synthase uses proton gradient 2. Synthesizes ATP
Chemiosmosis
48
As some of the molecules in the chain accept and then pass on electrons, they ____ ________ ions into the space between the _____ and ____ membranes of the ____________. This creates a ______ ________ that drives the production of ATP
pump hydrogen, inner, outer, mitochondria, proton gradient
49
The __________ in hydrogen concentration on the two sides of the membrane causes the protons to flow back into the _____ of the ____________ through ATP ________ channels
difference, matrix, mitochondria, synthase
50
An enzyme that uses the flow of hydrogens to drive the phosphorylation of an ADP molecule to produce ATP
ATP Synthase
51
____________ is not oxidative phosphorylation but it is a major ____ of oxidative phosphorylation
Chemiosmosis, part
52
Chemiosmosis is the same process is that occurs in the ____________ during the ATP-creating steps of Photosynthesis
Chloroplasts
53
1. Each NADH -> 3 ATP 2. Each FADH2 -> 2 ATP 3. 1/2 O2 is the final electron acceptor of the electron transport chain, and the chain will not function in the absence of oxygen
Important things to remember about Oxidative Phosphorylation
54
Occurs when oxygen is unavailable or cannot be used by the organism
Anaerobic respiration/Fermentation
55
The process that begins with glycolysis and ends when NAD+ is regenerated
Fermentation
56
Occurs in fungi, yeast, and some bacteria
Alcohol Fermentation
57
Occurs in human and animal muscle cells when oxygen is not available
Lactic Acid Fermentation
58
The host organelle for photosynthesis is the ___________
Chloroplast
59
Inner fluid portion, surrounded by two outer membranes
Stroma
60
Flattened channels and disks arranged in stacks
Grana
61
The stacks in a grana
Thylakoid
62
An organism that is self-nourishing. It obtains carbon and energy without ingesting other organisms
Autotroph
63
Cells that are tighty wrapped around the veins of a leaf
Bundle sheath cells
64
Plant that has adapted its photsynthetic process to more efficiently handle hot and dry conditions
C4 plant
65
Organisms that must consume other organisms to obtain nourishment
Heterotroph
66
Interior tissue of a leaf
Mesophyll
67
Cells that contain many chloroplasts and host the majority of photosynthesis
Mesophyll cells
68
Process by which water is broken up by an enzyme into hydrogen ions and oxygen atoms
Photolysis
69
Process by which ATP is produced during the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis
Photophosphorylation
70
Process by which oxygen competes with carbon dioxide and attaches to RuBP
Photorespiration
71
A cluster of light-trpping pigments involved in the process of photosynthesis
Photosystem
72
A molecule that absorbs light of a particular wavelength. These include chlorophyll, carotenoids, and phycobilins
Pigment
73
An enzyme that catalyzes the first step of the Calvin Cycle in C3 plants
Rubisco
74
Structure through which CO2 enters a plant and water vapor & O2 leaves
Stomata
75
Natural process by which plants lose H2O via evaporation through their leaves
Transpiration
76
Two set of reactions in Photosynthesis
Light depend reactions Light independent reactions
77
Which occurs first?
Light dependent reactions
78
Input for Light Dependent Reaction
Water and Light
79
Products for Light Dependent Reaction
Oxygen NADPH ATP
80
Input for Light Independent Reaction
CO2 NADPH ATP
81
Products for Light Independent Reaction
Sugar NADP+ ADP (The last two for the next light-dependent reactions)
82
Light reactions occur in the _________ ________
Thylakoid membrane
83
The oxygen produced in the light reactions comes from ___, not ___
H2O, CO2
84
Main chlorophyll of Photosystem II absorbs light with a wavelength of ___ nm
680
85
Main chlorophyll of Photosystem I absorbs light with a wavelength of ___ nm
700
86
The P in NAPH will remind you of
Photosynthesis
87
As the electrons are passing from the primary electron acceptor to the next photosystem, ________ ions are picked up from outside the membrane and brought back into the _________ ___________, creating an __ ________ similar to what we saw in oxidative phosphorylation
hydrogen, thylakoid compartment, H+ gradient
88
The Calvin Cycle occurs in the ______ of the chloroplast
stroma
89
The Calvin Cycle begins with a step called ______ ________
carbon fixation
90
The binding of the carbon from CO2 to a molecule that is able to enter the Calvin Cycle
Carbon Fixation
91
The Calvin Cycle uses more ___ than it does _____. This creates the need for cyclic ____________________ to create enough ATP for the reactions
ATP, NADPH, photophosphorylation
92
The carbon of the sugar produced in photosynthesis comes from the ___ of the Calvin Cycle
CO2
93
Consists of pores through which oxygen exits and caron dioxide enters the leaf to be used in photosynthesis
Stomata
94
The natural process by which plants lose water by evaporation from their leaves
Transpiration
95
Plants close their stomata during the day, collect CO2 at night, and store the CO2 in the form of acids until it is needed during the day for photosynthesis
CAM photosynthesis
96
Plants that have adapted their photosynthetic process to more efficiently handle hot and dry conditions
C4 plants
97
Which of the following molecules can give rise to the most ATP? A. NADH B. FADH2 C. Pyruvate D. Glucose
D This is because glucose can net 36 ATP
98
Which of the following is a proper representation of the products of a single glucose molecule after it has completed the Krebs cycle? A. 10 ATP, 4 NADH, 2 FADH2 B. 10 NADH, 4 FADH2, 2 ATP C. 10 ATP, 4 FADH2, 2 NADH D. 10 NADH, 4 ATP, 2 FADH2
D This also includes glycolysis
99
Which of the following is an advantage held by a C4 plant? A. More efficient light absoprtion B. More efficient photolysis C. More efficient carbon fixation D. More efficient uptake of carbon dioxide into the stomata
C C4 plants are able to successfull perform photosynthesis in these hot areas because of the presence of an enzyme called PEP carboxylase. This enzyme wants to bind to CO2 and is not tricked by the devious oxygen into using it instead of the necessary CO2
100
Can you continue photosynthesis without a proton gradient?
No, ATP synthase would not be able to work which means ATP would not be formed

Phoebe's Class (36 decks)

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