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Phoebe's Class > Muscular System Review > Flashcards

Muscular System Review Flashcards

(68 cards)

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1
Q

List the four primary functions of the muscles

A
  1. Movement of the body
  2. Maintaining posture and body position
  3. Communicating with facial expressions
  4. Variety of involuntary functions
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2
Q

Muscles _____ at least one joint

A

cross

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3
Q

The bulk of the muscle is usually ________ to crossed joint

A

proximal

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4
Q

All muscles have at least ___ attachments. What are those attachments?

A

two, Origin and Insertion

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5
Q

Muscles can only ____

A

pull

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6
Q

During ___________, the muscle insertion moves toward the origin

A

contraction

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7
Q

Involuntary, no striations, and in walls of visceral organs

A

Smooth Muscle

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8
Q

Involuntary, striations, and found only in the heart

A

Cardiac Muscle

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9
Q

Voluntary, striations, and attached to bones

A

Skeletal Muscle

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10
Q

Outside of the muscle, bundles of fascicle

A

Epimysium

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11
Q

Around each fascicle, bundles of muscle fibers

A

Perimysium

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12
Q

Inner most layer, around each muscle fiber, cell

A

Endomysium

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13
Q

Cell membrane of the muscle fibers

A

Sarcolemma

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14
Q

Stores calcium Ions needed for contraction

A

Sarcoplasmic Reticulum

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15
Q

Muscle fibers packaged into bundles

A

Fascicle

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16
Q

Long, ribbon-like fibers of a muscle cell

A

Myofibril

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17
Q

Thread-like proteins in the myofibril

A

Myofilaments

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18
Q

A functional unit of muscle fibers

A

Sarcomere

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19
Q

Thick filament

A

Myosin

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20
Q

Thin filament

A

Actin

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21
Q

One motor neuron and all the skeletal muscle cells it stimulates

A

Motor Unit

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22
Q

Synapse (space) where the neuron and muscle cell meet

A

Neuromuscular Junction

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23
Q

Region between the axon and dendrites

A

Synaptic Cleft

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24
Q

Neurotransmitter responsible for muscle contraction

A

Acetylcholine

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25
Enzyme that breaks down acetylcholine molecules
Acetylcholinesterase
26
Triggers the binding of myosin to actin by interacting with regulatory proteins
Calcium
27
The sarcomere shortens when thin and thick filaments slide past each other
Sliding filament theory
28
Nerve impulses reaches the axon terminal
First step of muscle contraction
29
Acetylcholine (Ach) is released into the synapse
Second step of muscle contraction
30
Ach crosses synapse and binds to receptors on sarcolemma
Third step of muscle contraction
31
Ach causes change in membrane's permeability; Action potential is generated
Fourth step of muscle contraction
32
Calcium Ions are released from the Sarcoplasmic Reticulum
Fifth step of muscle contraction
33
Calcium binds to regulatory proteins on actin, exposing binding sites for myosin
Sixth step of muscle contraction
34
Myosin heads bind to actin forming crossbridges
Seventh step of muscle contraction
35
Actin filaments are pulled toward the center of the sarcomere
Eighth step of muscle contraction
36
The sarcomere shortens and he muscle contracts
Final step of muscle contraction
37
Muscle that produces a particular movement
Agonists
38
Produces the opposite effect on the same bones
Antagonists
39
Muscles that help stabilize a movement
Synergists
40
Muscles that stabilize the origin of a prime mover
Fixators
41
Decreases angle of the joint, two bones come closer together
Flexion
42
Increases angle of the joint, increased distance between two bones
Extension
43
Moving a limb away from the midline
Abduction
44
Moving a limb towards the midline
Adduction
45
Combination of flexion, extension, abducting, and adduction, circle motion at distal end
Circumduction
46
Lifting foot towards the shin
Dorsiflexion
47
Depressing (moving down) the foot
Plantar flexion
48
Hand moves laterally
Supination
49
Hand moves medially
Pronation
50
Attachment to immovable bone
Origin
51
Attachment to movable bone
Insertion
52
When the muscle contracts, the _________ moves toward the ______
insertion, origin
53
A muscle cell will contract to its fullest extent; never partially
All-or-none law
54
Two ways in which graded muscle contractions can be produced:
Changing the frequency of muscle stimulation and the number of muscle cells being stimulated
55
What factor determines how forcefully a muscle contracts?
How many cells are stimulated
56
3 minutes or longer
Aerobic cellular respiration
57
10 to 30 seconds
Creatine phosphate
58
10 seconds to 2 minutes
Anaerobic Respiration Glycolysis
59
The muscle becomes unable to contract, even when stimulated
Aerobic cellular respiration fatigue
60
What is the cause for aerobic cellular respiration fatigue?
It is caused by oxygen debt
61
Limited pool of ________ _________ stored
Creatine Phosphate
62
Accumulation of a byproduct called lactic acid
Anaerobic Respiration
63
Occurs when the muscle shortens and movement occurs
Isotonic contractions
64
Occurs when muscles don't shorten and no movement occurs
Isometric contractions
65
How does regular exercise affect muscles?
Increases muscle size, strength, and endurance
66
What are the results of aerobic exercise on muscles?
Causes muscles to become stronger, more flexible, and have a greater resistance to fatigue
67
What are the results of resistance or isometric exercise on muscles?
Increases muscle size and strength.
68
Enlargement of an individual muscle cell occurs as new ___________ _________ are made
contractile filaments

Phoebe's Class (36 decks)

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