Unit 6 Part 1 AP Biology Review

Question 1

Swiss biochemist in 1871 that isolated nucleic acid initially from white blood cell nuclei from pus

Answer 1

Friedrich Miescher

Question 2

English microbiologist in 1928 that worked with Diplococceus preimonia bacteria. He found that bacteria exists in two different strains:

Type S (Smooth): Produces_______ and causes _______

Type R (Rough): No _______ and does not cause _______

Answer 2

Fredrick Griffiths
Capsule
Disease

Question 3

Frederick Griffiths:

Type _ killed the mice
Type _ mice survived
Mixed heat killed by type _ and _ resulted in ____ mice

Answer 3

S
R
S
R
dead

Question 4

What did Griffiths conclude?

Answer 4

Bacteria contained a transforming factor

Question 5

American physicians in 1944 who concluded ___ is the transforming factor

Answer 5

Avery, MacLeod, and McCarty
DNA

Question 6

American biogists in 1953 that studied bacteriophages. They found that bacteriophages transformed ___ and not _______ into the bacteria

Answer 6

Hershey and Chase
DNA
protein

Question 7

What did Hershey and Chase conclude?

Answer 7

DNA is the genetic material

Question 8

In 1951, analyzed the nitrogenous base composition of DNA from several species and found his law

Answer 8

Erwin Chargaff

Question 9

Adenine + Guanine = Thymine + Cytosine
A=T and C=G

Answer 9

Chargaff’s Law

Question 10

English scientists in 1952 that found two forms of DNA. “A” form is crystalline and “B” form is wet and cellular

Answer 10

Franklin and Wilkins

Question 11

What technique did Franklin and Wilkins use?

Answer 11

X-Ray diffraction

Question 12

What did Franklin’s work obtain and what did she found from her work?

Answer 12

e- Famous “photo 51” of the B-form of DNA
-Reasond that DNA is a helix

Question 13

Built models and used earlier research and made inferences to determine the structure of DNA

Answer 13

Watson and Crick

Question 14

DNA is composed of building blocks called ___________

Answer 14

Nucleotides

Question 15

Each nucleotide is composed of a ___________ _____, a _________ group, and a ___________ base (one of the four types)

Answer 15

Deoxyribose sugar
Phosphate
Nitrogenous

Question 16

What are the four nitrogenous groups?

Answer 16

Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine, and Thymine

Question 17

Adenine and Guanine are _______

Answer 17

Purines

Question 17

Cytosine and Thymine are ___________

Answer 17

Pyrimidines

Question 18

Nucleotides are joined in a DNA strand via a phosphodiester bond between the 5 prime phosphate of one and the 3 primer hydroxyl of another. This creates a continous

Answer 18

Sugar- phosphate backbone

Question 18

Phosphodiester is the

Answer 18

Backbone of DNA

Question 19

Two DNA polynucleotie chains align in an opposing orientation forming a

Answer 19

Double helix

Question 20

This constant width of the DNA double helix is the specific pairing of purines and pyrimidines via

Answer 20

Hydrogen bonds

Question 21

The DNA coils around proteins called ________, forming a bead on a string like structure that is organized

Answer 21

histones

Question 22

Single, circular chromosomes

Answer 22

Prokaryotes

Question 23

Multiple, linear chromosomes

Answer 23

Eukaryotes

Question 24

Small extra chromosomal, double-stranded circular DNA molecules contained by Prokaryotes, Viruses, and Eukaryotes

Answer 24

Plasmids

Question 25

DNA makes DNA

Answer 25

Replication

Question 26

Stated one gene codes for one proteins. The protein it codes for determines the phenotype of an organism

Answer 26

Beadle and Tatum hypothesis

Question 27

DNA can replicate in three possible ways:

Answer 27

Semi-Conservative Conservative Dispersive

Question 28

In 1957, grew E. Coli on Media (cells grows on media) containing Nitrogen 5 and 15, old would have N-15 and new would hae N-14. They found that DNA replication is ________________

Answer 28

Meselson and Sohl Semiconservative

Question 29

DNA replication occurs during the _ phase of the cell cycle

Answer 29

S

Question 30

A huan chromosome replicates ______________ at hundred points along its length

Answer 30

simultaneously

Question 31

Site where DNA slits apart for replication

Answer 31

Replication Fork

Question 32

DNA Replication Process: 1. DNA helicase facilitates the _________ of the DNA molecule. ______ _____ _______ ________ (SSBs) help keep the separated strands apart. Parent strandes serves as the ________ for the replication process

Answer 32

Unwinding Single Sided Binding Proteins Template

Question 33

An enxyme that relaxed supercoiling in front of the replication fork

Answer 33

Topoisomere

Question 34

DNA Replication Process: 2. _______ adds a short chunk of RNA called a ______ to allow DNA polymerase to begin synthesis of the new DNA strand

Answer 34

Primase Primer

Question 35

DNA Replication Process: 3. DNA __________ adds new nucleotides to the DNA strand in the 5 primer to 3 primer direction. It also __________ for replication errors by such as added, deleted, or mismatched _-_____.

Answer 35

Polymerase Proofreads N-Bases

Question 36

Synthesis is _________ (5'-3') on the leading strand, but the _______ strand is oriented in a _' to _' direction

Answer 36

Continous Lagging 3 5

Question 37

Short _______ fragments occur on the lagging strand

Answer 37

Okazaki

Question 38

DNA Replication Process: 4. DNA ploymerase removes the RNA ______ and replaces those bases with the correct bases

Answer 38

Primer

Question 39

DNA Replication Process: 5. ______ seals ny breaks in the sugar-phosphate backbone and the Okazaki fragments together

Answer 39

Ligase

Question 40

Transformation- Uptake of naked DNA Conjugation- Cell-to-cell transfer Transduction- Viral transmission of genetic information Transposition- Movement of DNA segments within and between DNA molecules

Answer 40

Some ways prokaryotes increase their genetic variation

Question 41

Decoding DNA into mRNA

Answer 41

DNA Transcription

Question 42

Where does DNA Transcription occur?

Answer 42

Nucleus

Question 43

How does DNA Transcription occur?

Answer 43

Enzyme action (RNA Polymerase)

Question 44

DNA Transcription: RNA _________ binds to a region on DNA and begins to unzip a small section of DNA

Answer 44

Initiation Polymerase

Question 45

DNA Transcription: As RNA polymerase moves along DNA, it matches free RNA nucleotides with DNA nucleotides that are on the ________ strand. Polyermerase does not stay attached

Answer 45

Elongation Template

Question 46

DNA Transcription: Transcription stops once RNA polymerase reaches the end of the gene on DNA (everything comes off)

Answer 46

Termination

Question 47

1. GTP cap added to 5' end 2. Poly A tail added to 3' end 3. Splicing

Answer 47

RNA modification

Question 48

Not used strand is called the ______ strand

Answer 48

Coding

Question 49

Template, Noncoding, Minus, Nonsense

Answer 49

Names for the strand being used

Question 50

Splicing differnt strand means there will be different genes

Answer 50

Alternative Splicing

Question 51

Interfering (Cut out)

Answer 51

Introns

Question 52

Expressed (Spliced together)

Answer 52

Exons

Question 53

mRNA is matched by a tRNA molecule which lines up appropriate amino acids

Answer 53

DNA Translation

Question 54

Where does Translation occur?

Answer 54

Cytoplasm of the cell

Question 55

How does DNA Translation happen?

Answer 55

Ribosomes with the help fo tRNA

Question 56

DNA Translation: 1. Modified mRNA exits the _______ and enters the cytoplasm

Answer 56

Nucleus

Question 57

DNA Translation: 2. mRNA binds to the large and small subunits of a ________

Answer 57

Ribosome

Question 58

What are the 3 binding sites of a ribosome?

Answer 58

E (exit) P (Protein) A (Acceptor)

Question 59

DNA Translation: 3. An initial Rna moleucle bonds at the _-____ and the _________ on the tRNA matches up with an mRNA colon (Usually starts with AUG codon)

Answer 59

P-site Anticodon

Question 60

DNA Translation: 4. A matching _RNA bnds to _RNA at the _-____ on the ribosome

Answer 60

t m A-Site

Question 61

DNA Translation: First four steps are

Answer 61

Initiation

Question 62

DNA Translation: 5. The ribosome then slides along the ____ strand, causing the ____ at the _-____ to move to the E site and the ____ at the _-____ to move to the _-____

Answer 62

mRNA tRNA P-Site tRNA A-Site P-Site

Question 63

DNA Translation: 6. The ribosome links together _____ _____ carried by tRNA. ________ _____ join amino acids together

Answer 63

Amino acids Peptide bonds

Question 64

DNA Translation: Steps five and six are

Answer 64

Elongation

Question 65

DNA Translation: 7. When the ribosome reaches a STOP Codon (UAA, UAG, or UGA), the proess stops and a very specific protein is produced

Answer 65

Termination Polypeptide chain

Question 66

Translation and Transcription are simultaneous in prokaryotes but not in Eukaroytes as it is compartelized

Answer 66

True

Question 67

Retroviruses hae RNA instead of DNA so when they infect the host cell, it injects ___ and an enzyme called _______ _____________ takes RNA and makes it into DNA to have the host spread the viruses's RNA

Answer 67

RNA Reverse transcriptase