- artful variation from the typical way a word/idea is expressed - figurative language

- indirect comparison default-most common

- the part for the whole most commonly uses body parts

- understatement - affirming using a double negative

AP Lang Final Exam Semester 1: 2015-2016 Flashcards by Jennifer Hu

Schemes

-sentences

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Tropes

artful variation from the typical way a word/idea is expressed
figurative language

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Another name for tropes of comparison

analogies

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What is the most commonly used category of tropes?

tropes of comparison

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Types of Tropes of Comparison

simile
metaphor
personification
synecdoche
metonymy

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Simile

-direct comparison

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Metaphor

indirect comparison

* default-most common

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Personification

-humanlike qualities

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Synecodche

the part for the whole

* most commonly uses body parts

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Metonymy

-symbolism where a larger thing gets referred to by a thing related to it

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Types of Trope of Word Play

- onomatopoeia

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Onomatopoeia

-use of words that imitate the sounds they refer to

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Types of Tropes of Overstatement or Understatement

hyberbole

- litotes

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Hyperbole

-overstatement

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Litotes

understatement

- affirming using a double negative

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Types of Tropes of Meaning

irony
oxymoron
paradox
rhetorical question
synesthesia

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Irony

-contrast between what is stated and what is happening

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Oxymoron

-two word contradiction

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Paradox

-seeming contradiction that may be true

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Synesthesia

-blending of sense impression

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Syntax

-the ordering of words into sentences

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Declarative sentence

-makes a statement

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Imperative sentence

-gives a command

Interrogative sentence

-asks a question

Exclamatory sentence

-makes an exclamation

Simple sentence

-one independent clause

Compound sentence

-2+ indepdendent clauses

Complex sentence

-one independent+one dependent clause

Compound/complex sentence

-2+ independent+1+ dependent clause

Clause

-any group of words that contains noun and verb

Independent clause

-group of words that contains noun and verb and can stand alone

Subordinate/dependent clause

-cannot stand alone

Cumulative sentence

- also known as loose sentence | - makes complete sense even if it is brought to a close before the actual ending

Periodic sentence

- only makes sense at the end of the sentence is reaches | - writer builds suspense by beginning with subordinate elements and postponing the main clause

Natural order

-subject comes before predicate

Inverted order

-predicate comes before subject

Split order

-divides the predicate into two parts with the subject in the middle

Schema

- Latin - any artful variation from the typical arrangement of words in a sentence - one of the figures of rhetoric(the other being tropes)

Schemes involving balance

- present equal ideas | - parallelism, antithesis, chiasmus

Parallelism

-repeated grammatical structures

Antithesis

- extreme opposites | - kind of parallelism used to juxtapose(lay side by side) contrasting words/phrases

Chiasmus

- word for Greek letter "x" | - words are repeated in different grammatical terms

Schemes involving interruption

- add ideas - interrupt to interject important info - parenthesis - appositive

Parenthesis

- singular of parentheses | - interruption without dashes/commas to provide info

Appositive

- modifier | - modifies nouns and interrupts sentence

Schemes involving omission

- heighten/accelerate the rhythm - ellipsis - asyndeton - zeugma

Ellipsis

-omission of words, but meaning is still clear

Asyndeton

- list | - omission of conjunctions

Zeugma

-a kind of ellipsis where one verb governs two separate ideas

Schemes involving repetition

- adds emphasis - alliteration - assonance - anaphora - epistrophe - anadiplosis - climax

Alliteration

-repetition of initial consonant sound

Assonance

-repetition of vowel sounds

Anaphora

- repetition of word/phrase/clauses etc | * must occur in beginning of clause

Epistrophe

- opposite of anaphora - repetition of word/phrase/clauses etc * must occur in end of clauses

Anadiplosis

-last word(s) in clause to beginning of next clause

Climax

-repetition in increasing importance

"Climbing the ladder"

-combination of anadiplosis and climax